Table 2.

Histone and non-histone target of dietary HDAC inhibitors

Class of Compound	Phytochemical	Chemical structure	HAT/HDAC	Histone	Non-histone	Outcome
Short-chain fatty acid	Sodium butyrate		HDAC1 and HDAC334	H3, H434	NA	Inhibition of tumor growth, Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest
Isothiocyanates	Sulforaphane		HDAC1, 2, 3, 4 HDAC7, HDAC689–92	H3, H489–92	α-Tubulin93, CtIP*94	Inhibition of tumor growth, Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest
	Allyl-ITC		HDAC95	H3, H495	NA	Inhibition of tumor growth, Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest
	BITC		HDAC1 and HDAC396	H396	FoxO197	Inhibition of tumor growth, Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest, Autophagy
	PHITC		HDAC and p30098, HDAC1 and HDAC299	H3, H499–101	NA	Apoptosis
	PEITC		NA	H3102	α-Tubulin103	Attenuating cell proliferation, Apoptosis
Indol-3-carbinol	I3C		HDACs104 HDAC1, HDAC2105, HDAC3106, 107	H3, H4104	NA	Cell cycle arrest, T cell activation
Sesquiterpene lactone	Parthenolide		HDAC1108	H3108	NA	Inhibition of tumorigenesis, Apoptosis
Allium compounds	Diallyl disulfide		N-acetyltransferase109 HDACs	H3, H4110–113	NA	Adipocyte differentiation, Apoptosis
	Allyl mercaptan		HDACs114	H3, H495, 114–117	NA	Inhibition of tumor growth, Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest
Selenium	MSA		HDAC2 and GCN5118	H3119 H3K18 and H3K9118	α-Tubulin119	Inhibition of tumor growth, Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest
	Selenite		HDAC120	H3K9120	NA	Inhibition of tumor growth, Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest
	MSP		HDAC1 and HDAC8121	H3K9/14, H4121,26	NA	Apoptosis
Polyphenols	EGCG		HDAC1, HDAC2, and HDAC3122,123 HAT124	H3K9/14 H4K5,12,16,H3K 9/18122,125,126	p53127, 128 FoxO1129 AR*130 Smad2/3*131	Inhibition of tumor growth, Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest
	Curcumin		HDAC1, HDAC2132 HDAC3 HDAC4133 HDAC6134 HDAC8135 P300	H3, H4135,136 H3K18ac, H4K16ac137	p53132,138	Inhibition of tumor growth, Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest
	Resveratrol		SIRT1 HDACs139, SIRT2140	H3, H4139	p53141, FXR88, PGC1- α142, FOXO3a143	Inhibition of tumor growth and cell proliferation, Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest
	Chrysin		HDAC8144	H3acK14, H4acK12, H4acK16144	NA	Cell cycle arrest, Inhibition of proliferation
	Ellagic acid		HDAC6145, HDAC9146	NA	NA	Inhibition of proliferation, Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest
Isoflavones	Quercetin		SIRT6147,148	H3K56ac148	NA	Inhibition of a β-catenin pathway, Inhibition of tumor growth, Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest
	Apigenin		HDAC1, HDAC3149	H3, H4149	NA	p53 activation, Generation of ROS, apoptosis, Inhibition of tumor invasion, Cell cycle arrest
	Genistein		HAT1150, HDAC1151 SIRT1152	H3K9150, 152, H3153, H4154	NA	Apoptosis, Inhibition of cell proliferation and growth
	Luteolin		CBP/p300155, SIRT6147	H3, H4156	NA	Apoptosis, Inhibition of invasiveness
Royal jelly	(E)-10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10HDA)		HDAC3157	H3, H4158	NA	Apoptosis, Cell cycle arrest
Vitamin	Nicotinamide		SIRT1159	H3160	p53161, 162, BCL6163, BAZ2a, NPM1, MOF, WRN, Ku70 and Ku80160	Cell cycle arrest, Apoptosis
Tyrosine derived compound	Psammaplin A		HDAC1, HDAC6164, SIRT165	H3, H4164	Tubulin164	Apoptosis, Inhibition of proliferation, Cell cycle arrest
Methyl xanthine alkaloid	Caffeine		Hdac1 and Hdac2166	H3K9 and H3K14166	NA	Fetal development

CtIP* is pulled down with lysine antibody in the presence of SFN. AR* and Smad2/3* are deacetylated in the presence of EGCG in human lung cancer cells.

NA: Not available