FIGURE 4.

Gd³⁺ effects on barrier function upon stimulation with thrombin, histamine, and S1P. A–C, changes in electrical resistance after stimulation with thrombin (A), histamine (B), and S1P (C) in the presence of 5 μm (red), 10 μm (magenta), or 50 μm (black) Gd³⁺ compared with vehicle controls (0 μm, blue). The data represent means ± S.D. from 3–4 independent wells (Gd³⁺; thrombin: n = 3, histamine: n = 4 and S1P: n = 4, for all Gd³⁺ concentrations). D–F, quantification of the maximum change in normalized resistance (Δ Normalized Resistance) upon addition of thrombin (D), histamine (E), and S1P (F) stimulation in the absence or presence of 5, 10, or 50 μm Gd³⁺ are shown. The data are represented as means ± S.D. from 4–12 independent experiments as marked in the bar graphs.