Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants
| TOTAL n=500 (%) |
Dysglycemic (HbA1C ≥ 5.7) n=189 |
Normoglycemic (HbA1C <5.7) n=311 |
p- value§ |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographics | ||||
| Age (years) | 42.5 (36.5–49.5) |
44.8 (36.8– 50.6) |
41.7 (35.8– 48.6) |
0.03 |
| Female | 363 (72.6) | 137 (72.5) | 226 (72.7) | 0.97 |
| Marital Status | 0.57 | |||
| Single | 101 (20.2) | 33 (17.5) | 68 (21.9) | |
| Married/Live w. partner | 207 (41.4) | 79 (41.8) | 128 (41.2) | |
| Divorced/Separated | 55 (11) | 20 (10.6) | 35 (11.3) | |
| Widowed | 137 (27.4) | 57 (30.2) | 80 (25.7) | |
| Highest level of education | 0.17 | |||
| Primary school | 328 (65.6) | 113 (60.0) | 215 (69.1) | |
| Secondary School | 94 (18.8) | 43 (22.8) | 51 (16.4) | |
| Vocational School/University | 47 (9.4) | 21 (11.1) | 26 (8.4) | |
| Graduate | 31 (6.2) | 12 (6.3) | 19 (6.1) | |
| Electricity in the house | 291 (58.2) | 116 (61.3) | 175 (56.3) | 0.26 |
| Refrigerator in the house | 76 (15.2) | 37 (19.6) | 39 (12.5) | 0.03 |
| Water Source | 0.17 | |||
| Tap water in home | 53 (10.6) | 24 (12.7) | 29 (9.3) | |
| Tap water in compound | 155 (31.0) | 59 (31.2) | 96 (30.9) | |
| Community tap water | 217 (43.4) | 72 (38.1) | 145 (46.6) | |
| Other | 75 (15.0) | 34 (18.0) | 41 (13.2) | |
| Gainfully employed | 113 (22.6) | 50 (26.5) | 63 (20.3) | 0.11 |
| Duration of HIV infection (years) | 4.5 (1.6– 7.5) | 4.5 (1.7– 7.5) | 4.4 (1.5– 7.5) | 0.62 |
| Duration of cART (years) | 3.8 (1.3– 6.3) | 3.8 (1.4– 6.0) | 3.6 (1.0– 6.7) | 0.99 |
| Family Medical History | ||||
| Diabetes | 0.76 | |||
| Yes | 28 (5.6) | 12 (6.3) | 16 (5.1) | |
| No | 397 (79.4) | 147 (77.8) | 250 (80.4) | |
| Unknown | 75 (15.0) | 30 (15.9) | 45 (14.5) | |
| Heart problem | 0.56 | |||
| Yes | 30 (6) | 14 (7.4) | 16 (5.1) | |
| No | 403 (80.6) | 149 (78.8) | 254 (81.7) | |
| Unknown | 67 (13.4) | 26 (13.8) | 41 (13.2) | |
| Patient Medical History | ||||
| Hypertension | 0.01 | |||
| Yes | 37 (7.4) | 20 (10.6) | 17 (5.5) | |
| No | 456 (91.2) | 166 (87.8) | 290 (93.2) | |
| Unknown | 7 (1.4) | 3 (1.6) | 4 (1.3) | |
| CD4 at enrollment (cells/ uL) | 0.60 | |||
| 0–50 | 26 (5.2) | 9 (4.8) | 17 (5.5) | |
| 51–200 | 83 (16.6) | 28 (14.8) | 55 (17.7) | |
| 201–350 | 85 (17) | 37 (19.6) | 48 (15.4) | |
| >350 | 306 (61.2) | 115 (60.8) | 191 (61.4) | |
| Nadir CD4 (cells/uL) | 0.26 | |||
| 0–50 | 89 (17.8) | 27 (14.3) | 62 (19.9) | |
| 51–200 | 227 (45.4) | 89 (47.1) | 138 (44.4) | |
| 201–350 | 149 (29.0) | 56 (29.6) | 93 (29.9) | |
| >350 | 35 (7.0) | 17 (9.0) | 18 (5.8) | |
| ART regimen at time of sample >28 days |
<0.01 | |||
| None | 36 (7.2) | 19 (10.1) | 17 (5.5) | |
| NNRTI-based | 453 (90.6) | 170 (89.9) | 283 (91.0) | |
| PI-based | 11 (2.2) | 0 (0) | 11 (3.5) | |
| Physical Measurements | ||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| Underweight (0–18.49) | 25 (5.0) | 9 (4.8) | 16 (5.1) | |
| Normal (18.5–24.99) | 275 (55.0) | 90 (47.6) | 185 (59.5) | <0.01 |
| Overweight (25–29.99) | 151 (30.2) | 60 (31.7) | 91 (29.3) | |
| Obese (≥30) | 49 (9.8) | 30 (15.9) | 19 (6.1) | |
| Systolic BP (mm Hg) | 0.10 | |||
| ≥140 | 66 (13.2) | 31 (16.4) | 35 (11.3) | |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg) | 0.15 | |||
| ≥90 | 68 (13.6) | 31 (16.4) | 37 (11.9) | |
| Female Median Abdominal circumference (cm) |
86.5 (81.5–90.5) | 86.7 (82.5–91.4) | 85.0 (80.5–90.5) | 0.16 |
| Male Median Abdominal circumference (cm) |
79.5 (75.5–85.5) | 81.9 (77.5–89.4) | 78.6 (74.5–83.0) | <0.01 |
ART=Antiretroviral Treatment; BMI=body mass index; BP=Blood Pressure; NNRTI=non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor; PCP=pneumocystis pneumonia; PI=protease inhibitor;
§
Data are reported as median (interquartile range) for continuous variables and number (%) for categorical variables. p-values from Wilcoxon test for continuous variables (except student t-test was done for age), Chi-square or Fisher’s Exact test, as appropriate, for categorical variables.