TABLE 3.
Effect by Th1 pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IFN-γ, upon major exosomal Cer species released from cytokine-treated HOG cultures
| Treatment | Time (h) | Cer Species | |||
| C16:0-Cer | C24:0-Cer | C24:1-Cer | Total Cer | ||
| Control | 6 | 1.6 ± 0.8 | 0.9 ± 0.5 | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 7.9 ± 2.5 |
| TNF-α + IFN-γ | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.3 | 5.7 ± 1.3a | 19.0 ± 2.8c | |
| Control | 24 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 4.0 ± 0.6 | 6.1 ± 1.1 | 21.4 ± 2.4 |
| TNF-α + IFN-γ | 8.5 ± 2.5 | 14.6 ± 3.4 | 29.1 ± 3.5a | 78.0 ± 2.4c | |
| Control | 48 | 3.1 ± 0.1 | 6.2 ± 0.3 | 12.0 ± 0.7 | 33.7 ± 2.6 |
| TNF-α + IFN-γ | 10.7 ± 0.5b | 26.0 ± 1.9c | 44.8 ± 2.6c | 122.3 ± 3.7c | |
Values are mean (pmol) ± SEM (N = 2).
a
P < 0.05 compared with control.
b
P < 0.01 compared with control.
c
P < 0.001 compared with control.