TABLE 4.
Effect by Th1 pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IFN-γ, upon major exosomal dhCer species released from cytokine-treated HOG cultures
| Treatment | Time (h) | dhCer Species | |||
| C16:0-dhCer | C24:0-dhCer | C24:1-dhCer | Total dhCer | ||
| Control | 6 | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.3 | 0.3 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 0.4 |
| TNF-α + IFN-γ | 0.4 ± 0.2 | 1.4 ± 0.2 | 0.3 ± 0.1 | 11.7 ± 3.7b | |
| Control | 24 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 0.5 ± 0.1 | 12.9 ± 2.5 |
| TNF-α + IFN-γ | 3.8 ± 0.0 | 2.9 ± 0.1 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 21.2 ± 4.2a | |
| Control | 48 | 1.6 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.5 | 9.9 ± 3.5 |
| TNF-α + IFN-γ | 12.1 ± 1.5b | 8.5 ± 1.7b | 12.3 ± 0.3b | 52.5 ± 0.3b | |
Values are mean (pmol) ± SEM (N = 2).
a
P < 0.01 compared with control.
b
P < 0.001 compared with control.