Fig. 3.

Cartoon representation of lipotoxic lipids and cellular responses. Peroxidation of CL (L₄CL) within the mitochondrial inner membrane leads to oxidized CL (CL_ox) with shortened acyl chains that may initiate an apoptotic response. In parallel, resultant lipid aldehydes modify mitochondrial proteins leading to dysfunction and potential induction of mitophagy. Aldehydes may diffuse from the mitochondrion and modify proteins within the cytoplasm, nuclear region, or ER affecting cellular homeostasis and signaling response.