Table 1. Demographics.
| Baseline | Changes per year | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HC | PD | PD vs. HC | HC | PD | PD vs. HC | |||||
| Baseline | Follow-up | Baseline | Follow-up | p | Changes | Changes | Changes | p | ||
| No. of Subjects | 50 | 122 | — | — | — | — | ||||
| Age at MRI | 60.6±11 | 60.5±9 | 0.92 | — | — | — | ||||
| Sex (% of Male) | 64% | 65% | 0.92 | — | — | — | ||||
| MRI interval (month) | 12.7±1 | 12.6±1 | 0.90 | — | — | — | ||||
| Side of symptom[1] | — | 51L: 70R: 1Sym | — | — | — | — | ||||
| No. of medication[2] | — | 46 OFF: 76 ON | — | — | — | — | ||||
| total UPDRS[3] | 3.0±3.3 | 3.9±4.0 | 30.5±13 | 35.8±16 | <0.001 | 0.9±0.4 | 4.8±1.1 | 4.1±1.6 | 0.02 | |
| UPDRS-III[4] | 0.6±1.5 | 1.0±1.9 | 20.4±9 | 22.4±10 | <0.001 | 0.4±0.2 | 1.8±0.8 | 1.6±1.1 | 0.17 | |
| Hoehn-Yahr[5] | 0.0±0.0 | 0.1±0.3 | 1.6±0.5 | 1.8±0.5 | <0.001 | 0.0±0.0 | 0.2±0.0 | 0.2±0.1 | 0.03 | |
| MoCA[6] | 28.3±1.1 | 27.3±2.1 | 27.5±2.1 | 26.8±2.8 | 0.01 | -0.9±0.3 | -0.6±0.2 | 0.21±0.4 | 0.59 | |
| Putaminal DAT[7]* | 1.81±0.3 | — | 0.66±0.3 | 0.57±0.2 | <0.001 | — | -0.05±0.01 | — | — | |
| CSF α-synuclein[8]# | 1862±799 | 1886±742 | 1860±813 | 1821±838 | 0.99 | 14.9±94 | -16.4±62 | -44.2±107 | 0.68 | |
| CSF Aβ1–42[9]# | 362±77 | 392±89 | 370±85 | 383±90 | 0.61 | 30.4±9 | 14.4±8.8 | -18.1±13 | 0.18 | |
| CSF t-Tau[10]# | 44.0±19 | 45.8±20 | 43.5±16 | 42.4±16 | 0.99 | 1.03±1.1 | -1.21±0.9 | -2.50±1.4 | 0.07 | |
| CSF p-Tau181[11]# | 15.7±8 | 16.1±8 | 14.8±7 | 14.7±7 | 0.62 | -0.67±1.8 | -0.68±1.3 | -0.14±2.2 | 0.95 | |
[1] Dominant side of symptom at onset. L = left side; R = right side, Sym = symmetrical
[2] At baseline MRI, all 122 PD patients were drug naïve. At one year follow-up, 76 PD patients started taking levodopa medication.
[3] Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (Movement Disorder Society revision) part I-IV, total 65 items, each item ranges from 0 (normal) to 4 (severe)
[4] Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (Movement Disorder Society revision) part III, 33 items of motor examination, each item ranges from 0 (normal) to 4 (severe)
[5] Hoehn and Yahr scale, range 0 (best) to 5 (worst). All patients had a score ≤ 2 at baseline per enrollment criterion for PD in the PPMI
[6] Montreal Cognitive Assessment, range from 0 (worst) to 30 (best)
[7] Putaminal dopamine transporter binding ratio (the minimum putaminal side at baseline)
[8] Cerebrospinal fluid alpha-synuclein concentration (ng/ml)
[9] Cerebrospinal fluid beta-amyloid 42 concentration (ng/ml)
[10] Cerebrospinal fluid concentration of total Tau protein (ng/ml)
[11] Cerebrospinal fluid concentration of phosphorylated Tau protein at threonine 181 (ng/ml)
* Follow-up DAT scan data from 6 subjects missing
# Longitudinal data of CSF biomarkers from 50 PD patients and 35 HC subjects available only at the time of the analysis
—indicates not applicable
Significant group differences are bolded