Table 2.
Policies and practices related to HIV infection and harm reduction services in prisons of Eastern Europe and Central
| Azerbaijan | Kazakhstan | Kyrgyzstan | Tajikistan | Turkmenistan | Uzbekistan | Russia | Ukraine | Belarus | Moldova | Lithuania | Latvia | Estonia | Armenia | Georgia | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ministry overseeing prisoner health | Justice | Interior | Prison | Justice | Interior | Interior | Prison | Prison | Interior | Justice | Justice | Justice | Justice | Justice | Prison |
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Number of prisons | 35 | 76 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 42 | .. | 146 | .. | 12 | 7 | 11 | .. | 12 | 15 |
| Male | 16 | 69 | 10 | 12 | 12 | 39 | .. | 131 | .. | 10 | 6 | 10 | .. | 11 | 11 |
| Female | 1 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | 15 | .. | 1 | 1 | 1 | .. | 1 | 1 |
|
| |||||||||||||||
| Number of prisoners | 16 500* | 44 893 | 7961 | 9000* | 30 568 | 42 000* | 656 618 | 57 396 | 31 700 | 5329 | 6643 | 3276 | 2775 | 3894 | 9724 |
|
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| Proportion female | 2.8%† | 7.7% | 4.0% | 3.3% | 6.5% | 3.0% | .. | 5.6% | .. | 6.6% | 3.7% | 7.4% | .. | 4.5% | 3.3% |
|
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| Incarceration rate‡ | 236 | 231 | 181 | 130 | 583 | 152 | 446 | 193 | 306 | 215 | 268 | 239 | 218 | 132 | 274 |
|
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| Occupancy | 81.4% | 71.8% | 55.5% | 61.5% | 85.0% | 80.0% | 94.2% | 120.24% | 96.8% | 102.9% | 83.1% | 59.5% | 96.3% | 89.3% | 47.8% |
|
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| Needle and syringe programmes in prison | No | No | Yes (2005) | Yes (2010) | No | No | .. | No | .. | Yes (1999) | No | No | .. | Yes (2004) | No |
| Number of facilities | .. | .. | 10 | 1 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 10 | .. | .. | .. | 9 | .. |
|
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| Opioid agonist therapy | No | No | Yes (2008) | No | No | No | .. | No | .. | Yes (2005) | No | Yes (2012) | .. | Yes (2011) | No |
| Number of facilities | .. | .. | 7 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 9 | .. | 9 | .. | 9 | .. |
| Number of patients | .. | .. | 400 | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | .. | 68 | .. | 26 | .. | 151 | .. |
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| Detoxification with methadone or buprenorphine | No | No | No | No | No | No | .. | No | .. | Yes | No | No | .. | No | Yes |
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| Non-pharmacological detoxification | Yes | No | Yes | No | .. | No | .. | Yes | .. | No | Yes | Yes | .. | Yes | No |
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| HIV testing and counselling (year) | Yes | Yes (1997) | Yes (2001) | Yes (2003) | Yes | Yes (2003) | .. | Yes (2006) | .. | Yes (2008) | Yes | Yes (1994) | .. | Yes (2004) | Yes (2004) |
|
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| Condom provision (year) | Yes (2011) | Yes (2002) | Yes (2005) | Yes (2003) | No | No | .. | Yes (2008) | .. | Yes (1999) | Yes (2004) | No | .. | .. | Yes (2004) |
|
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| Antiretroviral therapy (year) | Yes (2007) | Yes (2005) | Yes | Yes (2007) | No | Yes (2008) | .. | Yes (2008) | .. | Yes (2004) | Yes | Yes (1998) | .. | Yes (2005) | Yes (2005) |
|
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| Tuberculosis fluorography (year) | Yes (1995) | Yes (1998) | Yes (1997) | Yes | Yes | Yes (1991) | .. | Yes | .. | Yes (1996) | Yes | Yes (2011) | .. | Yes (2004) | Yes (1998) |
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| TB treatment (year) | Yes (1995) | Yes | Yes (1998) | Yes | Yes§ | Yes (2004) | .. | Yes | .. | Yes (1996) | Yes (1998) | Yes | .. | Yes | Yes (1998) |
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| HCV diagnostics (year) | Yes (2006) | Yes | Yes (2005) | Yes (2015)¶ | .. | Yes | .. | No | .. | Yes (2004) | Yes | Yes | .. | No | Yes (2014) |
|
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| Treatment of HCV | No | No | No | No | .. | No | .. | No | .. | No | Yes (acute only) | No | .. | No | Yes |
|
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| HBV diagnostics | No | Yes | Yes | .. | .. | Yes | .. | No | .. | Yes | No | Yes | .. | No | Yes |
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| Treatment of HBV | No | No | No | .. | .. | Yes | .. | No | .. | No | No | Yes | .. | No | No |
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| HBV vaccination | No | No | No | .. | .. | No | .. | No | .. | No | No | No | .. | No | No |
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| Programmes on prevention of physical and sexual violence | Yes | Yes | No | .. | .. | Yes | .. | No | .. | No | .. | No | .. | Yes | |
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| Staff protection programme against HIV as an occupational hazard | No | Yes | Yes | .. | .. | Yes | .. | Yes | .. | Yes | Yes | Yes | .. | No | Yes |
|
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| Post-exposure prophylaxis | No | Yes | Yes (2010) | Yes | .. | Yes | .. | No | .. | Yes | No | No | .. | Yes | No |
|
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| Diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections | Yes | Yes | Yes | .. | .. | Yes | .. | Yes | .. | Yes | .. | Yes | .. | Yes | Yes |
All values are from the survey administered for this study in collaboration with UNODC and refer to 2015, unless otherwise specified. Start date is listed in brackets when available. HCV=hepatitis C virus. HBV=hepatitis B virus. UNODC=United Nations Office on Drug Control.
*
Approximate number.
†
Number of prisoners per 100 000 population.
‡
People, treated, and tested refer to the total number of people receiving service in 2014.
§
Available only as a pilot project.
¶
Women and juveniles housed in the same facility.