Table 1.
Sample Characteristics
| Age <70 (n=126) | Age ≥70 (n=64) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Mean (SD) or % | Mean (SD) or % | Effect size (d or φ)† |
| Age | 62.2 (4.4) | 74.4 (3.2) | 3.17** |
| Sex (% male) | 52 | 56 | 0.04 |
| Smoking (% ever) | 50 | 56 | 0.06 |
| Antihypertensive medications (% currently taking) | 24 | 30 | 0.06 |
| Lipid-lowering medications (% currently taking) | 8 | 13 | 0.07 |
| Education (years) | 16.4 (2.7) | 15.9 (3.2) | 0.17 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 128 (16.5) | 129 (16.1) | 0.06 |
| Glucose (mg/dL) | 94.7 (11.1) | 94.1 (9.0) | 0.06 |
| Alcohol (drinks/week) | 2.7 (3.0) | 2.5 (3.8) | 0.06 |
| Beck Depression Inventory (total score) | 4.4 (4.2) | 3.8 (4.4) | 0.14 |
| Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 121 (25.4) | 122 (31.8) | 0.04 |
| High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 53 (16.7) | 53 (15.1) | <0.01 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 196 (30.5) | 197 (36.2) | 0.03 |
| Digit Span Forward (total score) | 8.2 (2.0) | 8.1 (2.1) | 0.05 |
| Digit Span Backward (total score) | 7.3 (2.5) | 6.8 (2.5) | 0.20 |
| Logical Memory I (total score) | 25.7 (6.1) | 23.5 (7.2) | 0.33* |
| Logical Memory II (total score) | 20.9 (7.3) | 17.8 (8.5) | 0.39* |
| Visual Reproduction I (total score) | 33.3 (5.3) | 31.6 (5.3) | 0.32* |
| Visual Reproduction II (total score) | 26.8 (7.8) | 21.6 (9.1) | 0.61** |
| Trail Making Test, Part A (seconds) | 30.1 (9.8) | 35.4 (11.9) | 0.49** |
| Trail Making Test, Part B (seconds) | 75.4 (44.3) | 88.6 (31.3) | 0.34* |
| Judgment of Line Orientation (total score) | 24.5 (4.3) | 23.7 (4.6) | 0.18 |
| Block Design (total score) | 27.0 (9.6) | 24.2 (7.5) | 0.33* |
| Grooved Pegboard Test, dominant (seconds) | 74.6 (10.7) | 89.0 (16.2) | 1.05** |
| Grooved Pegboard Test, non-dominant (seconds) | 83.3 (15.6) | 103.4 (51.8) | 0.53** |
†
T-tests performed for mean comparisons, with Cohen’s d effect sizes reported. Chi-square tests performed for percentage/categorical comparisons, with phi coefficients reported.
*
p<.05,
**
p<.01