Figure 4. Bile acid‐induced cell death in pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) .

A, necrosis induced by 30 min incubation with a bile acid in the presence or absence of 1 mm Ca²⁺. Red bars represent necrotic pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), and blue bars represent necrotic pancreatic acinar cells (PACs) in the same lobules. From the left: control 1 mm Ca²⁺, no bile acid (N = 4); control no Ca²⁺, no bile acids (N = 4); 5 mm cholate, 1 mm Ca²⁺ (N = 6); 5 mm cholate, no Ca²⁺ (N = 3); 5 mm taurocholate, 1 mm Ca²⁺ (N = 4); 5 mm taurocholate, no Ca²⁺ (N = 3); 200 μm taurolithocholic acid 3‐sulfate, 1 mm Ca²⁺ (N = 6); and 200 μm taurolithocholic acid 3‐sulfate, no Ca²⁺ (N = 3). B, PSC necrosis is induced by 5 mm cholate in the presence of 1 mm Ca²⁺ (upper panel) but not in the absence of Ca²⁺ (lower panel); from the left: live PSCs (bright green) and PACs (dark green); necrotic cells (red); overlay of the two images.