Table 2.
Brief description of outcome variables (scaled scores used if not otherwise specified below).
| Variable | Measure | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Primary outcome measure | ||
| Complex abstraction | Test of Strategic Learning (TOSL) (Chapman et al., 2002) | Participant synthesizes information into overview. Score: number of abstracted ideas |
| Secondary outcome measures | ||
| Concept formation | Similarities (Wechsler, 1997a) | Participant explains what pairs of words have in common |
| Problem solving | D-KEFS Card Sorting Task (Delis et al., 2001) | Participant sorts six cards into two groups of three based on eight different sorting rules |
| Verbal fluency | Controlled Oral Word Association (COWA) (Benton et al., 1994; Spreen and Strauss, 1998) | Participant says as many words/minute as they can that begin with the given letter |
| Memory | Logical memory (Wechsler, 1997b) | Participant orally recalls (immediate and delayed) details of a short story read aloud |
| Memory for key facts/details (TOSL) (Chapman et al., 2002) | Participant recalls (after probe) specific important facts/details from the text. Score: 0–24 | |
| Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT) (Rey, 1964; Schmidt, 1996; Spreen and Strauss, 1998) | Participants are given a list of 15 unrelated words repeated over five different trials and are asked to recall. After an interference list is given, the client must again recall the original list of 15 words and then again after 30 min. Score: 0–15 per trial | |
| Working memory | Digits backward (Wechsler, 1997b) | Participant orally recalls number strings in backward order |
| Inhibition | D-KEFS Color-Word Task, Condition 3 (Delis et al., 2001) | Participant names the color of the ink a work is printed in versus reading the word (color word different than color ink) |
| Switching | Trails B | Participant alternately connects a set of numbers and letters in ascending alphabetical order |
| D-KEFS Color-Word Task, Condition 4 (Delis et al., 2001) | Participant alternates from reading color of printed word and stating ink color of printed word. Score: total time to complete | |
| Daily function | Quality of life in bipolar disorder (Michalak and Murray, 2010) | A 56-item self-report questionnaire on 12 domains of quality of life: Physical, Sleep, Mood, Cognition, Leisure, Social, Spirituality, Finances, Household, Self-esteem, Independence and Identity and two optional domains (Work and Education). Score: 56–280, higher score is associated with higher quality of life |