Table 2.

Characteristics of patients with mania assigned to blue‐blocking glasses or placebo and the healthy control group

	Patient group/placebo (n = 11)	Patient group/blue‐blocking (n = 12)	Healthy controls (n = 45)
Current episode
YMRS score at start of intervention, mean (SD)	27.0 (7.1)	23.4 (8.0)
Psychotic symptoms	9/11	8/12
Hospitalized against own will	8/11	6/12
Demographic variables
Age, years, mean (SD)	49.8 (13.8)	43.0 (11.0)	42.3 (10.8)
Sex, male	9/11	7/12	22/45
Highest level of education completed
High school	4/11	4/12	6/45
High school/vocational studies	3/11	6/12	7/45
University/higher education	4/11	2/12	32/45
Employment status
Unemployed	2/11	1/12	0/45
Student	1/11	0/12	1/45
Employed	3/11	6/12	42/45
Retired	1/11	1/12	2/45
Disability benefit	4/11	4/12	0/45
Marital status
Single	3/11	4/12
Cohabiting	1/11	2/12
Married	2/11	3/12
Divorced	5/11	3/12
Clinical characteristics from medical history
Family historya	6/10	4/12
Self‐reported age at first affective episode, years, mean (SD)	24.7 (12.1)	23.0 (10.9)
Age at first psychiatric hospital stay, years, mean (SD)	32.9 (4.0)	31.7 (3.5)
Duration of illness, years, mean (SD)	22.8 (3.8)	18.0 (3.1)
Psychotic mania in medical history	10/11	10/12
Self‐reported no. of depressive episodes, mean (SD)	7.2 (2.8)b	12.0 (8.0)b
No. of previous psychiatric hospital stays, mean (SD)	7.2 (2.2)	4.6 (1.2)
No. of psychiatric hospital stays for mania, mean (SD)	7.0 (2.2)	2.9 (0.8)
No. of psychiatric hospital stays for depression, mean (SD)	0.7 (0.3)	1.0 (0.5)
Previous suicide attempts	2/11	3/12
Lifetime medication use
Antidepressants	2/11	7/12
Antipsychotics	9/11	10/12
Anticonvulsants	8/11	9/12
Lithium	7/11	6/12
Hypnotics/sedatives	8/11	7/12
Anxiolytics	4/11	6/12

SD = standard deviation; YMRS = Young Mania Rating Scale.

^aRelatives with bipolar disorder, affective/anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders or psychiatric hospital stays.

^bData missing for one subject.