Table 1.
Cohort demographics by druga
| LITH | ARIP | CBZ | LTG | OLAN | OXC | QUET | RISP | VPA | Total | Treatment bias p‐value | Hypo‐thyroidism CRR p‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 3,629 | 2,964 | 492 | 7,056 | 1,230 | 890 | 3,798 | 1,518 | 2,997 | 24,574 | – | – |
| Age, years | 39.5 | 39 | 40.3 | 39 | 40.4 | 39 | 40.1 | 39.4 | 39.7 | 39.5 | 1.80E‐04 | 6.91E‐10 |
| Sex, female, % | 56.4 | 72 | 64.6 | 74 | 55.9 | 70.4 | 65.9 | 60.4 | 53.6 | 65.4 | 8.60E‐141 | 3.93E‐07 |
| Medications (%) | ||||||||||||
| Sedative | 30.8 | 38.2 | 35.2 | 33.5 | 38.5 | 34.4 | 44.4 | 37.1 | 34.8 | 36.0 | 5.09E‐37 | 7.27E‐01 |
| Analgesic | 39.1 | 47.4 | 48.4 | 43.2 | 45.1 | 49.6 | 51.8 | 45.5 | 46.5 | 45.4 | 3.19E‐28 | 4.45E‐01 |
| Opioid | 24.1 | 31.1 | 32.9 | 27 | 30.1 | 31.7 | 35 | 29.6 | 28.9 | 29.1 | 1.04E‐25 | 6.49E‐01 |
| Pain | 24.1 | 31.1 | 32.9 | 27 | 30.1 | 31.7 | 35 | 29.6 | 28.9 | 50.9 | 1.04E‐25 | 2.46E‐01 |
| Diuretic | 9.5 | 12.9 | 14.6 | 11.7 | 12.9 | 13.8 | 13.4 | 13.6 | 11.9 | 12.1 | 1.88E‐06 | 8.55E‐01 |
| Mental (%) | ||||||||||||
| Psychosis | 4.5 | 8 | 3.9 | 2 | 15.5 | 2.9 | 6.4 | 21.6 | 5 | 6.1 | 8.20E‐232 | 5.05E‐01 |
| Bipolar disorder | 71.1 | 58.4 | 67.7 | 67.4 | 53.7 | 66.5 | 54 | 53.4 | 68 | 63.2 | 2.26E‐95 | 3.96E‐01 |
| Mental procedure | 53.2 | 56.9 | 52.2 | 61.9 | 37.2 | 62.6 | 48.8 | 52.7 | 51.5 | 54.7 | 2.23E‐81 | 1.79E‐01 |
| Drug dependence | 12.8 | 13.7 | 14.8 | 9.6 | 16.9 | 13.3 | 22 | 15.5 | 16.5 | 14.3 | 1.86E‐68 | 2.45E‐01 |
| Anxiety | 18.6 | 24.5 | 20.1 | 19.5 | 27.2 | 20.1 | 29 | 26.5 | 21.4 | 22.5 | 1.43E‐39 | 8.06E‐01 |
| Eating disorder | 1 | 2.1 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 2 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 1.5 | 1.37E‐07 | 4.25E‐01 |
| ADHD | 6.1 | 9.2 | 7.1 | 7.7 | 6 | 9 | 6.5 | 7 | 7.2 | 7.3 | 1.58E‐05 | 4.14E‐03 |
| Personality C | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 4.93E‐01 | 8.24E‐01 |
| Other (%) | ||||||||||||
| Cardiovascular | 31.5 | 39.9 | 37.4 | 34.2 | 38.7 | 38 | 42.9 | 41 | 40 | 37.4 | 1.42E‐30 | 8.92E‐01 |
| CNS | 13.2 | 16.7 | 19.3 | 14.5 | 16.4 | 20.1 | 18.7 | 19.3 | 21.8 | 16.8 | 3.20E‐26 | 7.73E‐02 |
| Seizure | 0.7 | 0.9 | 4.1 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 4.2 | 1.6 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 1.15E‐22 | 6.32E‐01 |
| Nervous system | 23.3 | 28 | 29.3 | 24.4 | 27.3 | 31.3 | 30.3 | 28.3 | 31.5 | 27.2 | 7.43E‐21 | 3.72E‐01 |
| Pulmonary | 5.3 | 7 | 7.7 | 5 | 8.7 | 7.4 | 9.5 | 8.8 | 7.1 | 6.8 | 3.76E‐20 | 5.24E‐01 |
| Hypertension | 17.9 | 23.9 | 21.1 | 19 | 22.8 | 21.6 | 25 | 25.8 | 22.6 | 21.5 | 4.52E‐20 | 8.36E‐01 |
| Metabolic | 26.1 | 33.8 | 30.9 | 28.5 | 31.4 | 29.6 | 32.5 | 31.4 | 30.9 | 30.1 | 8.63E‐12 | 2.96E‐01 |
| Musculoskeletal | 35.9 | 42 | 43.1 | 40.3 | 39.7 | 39.6 | 44.8 | 40.7 | 41 | 40.7 | 2.28E‐11 | 3.14E‐01 |
| Kidney | 3.2 | 4.9 | 4.7 | 4.1 | 4.9 | 4.3 | 5.7 | 5.4 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 2.15E‐05 | 9.23E‐01 |
| Endrocrinopathy | 11.1 | 15.6 | 12.6 | 12.5 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 13 | 13.6 | 13.1 | 12.8 | 3.51E‐05 | 9.26E‐01 |
| Dermatological | 23.4 | 27.8 | 24.8 | 27.4 | 24.6 | 26.9 | 25.4 | 25.5 | 25.6 | 26.0 | 5.38E‐04 | 8.77E‐01 |
| Apnea | 6.1 | 8.8 | 6.1 | 7.6 | 5.8 | 7.3 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 7.1 | 7.2 | 9.77E‐04 | 1.52E‐01 |
| Autoimmune | 1.2 | 2.1 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 5.78E‐03 | 9.15E‐01 |
| Thyroidism | 2.4 | 3.2 | 4.7 | 2.8 | 3 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 3.9 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 1.72E‐02 | 6.37E‐06 |
LITH = lithium; ARIP = aripiprazole; CBZ = carbamazepine; LTG = lamotrigine; OLAN = olanzapine; OXC = oxcarbazepine; QUET = quetiapine; RISP = risperidone; VPA = valproate; CRR = competing risks regression; ADHD = attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder; CNS = central nervous system.
For each drug we show the sample size, the age in years, and then the fraction that took various treatments and had various comorbidities in the year prior to monotherapy. Note that we excluded hypothyroidism codes from every category; thus, thyroidism would encompass all other thyroid conditions. The treatment bias p‐values come from chi‐squared tests comparing the proportions of treatment within each binary category, and an ANOVA F‐statistic for age. The hypothyroidism CRR p‐values show the significance of adding the variable in the model along with treatment, sex, pretreatment thyroidism, thyroid testing rank, and 14‐day pretreatment thyroid tested. Only the bold‐type variables in the rightmost column were significant in the full CRR model after multiple testing adjustment (p < 1.67e‐03), and thus were retained in the final model.