Table 13. Cardiovascular drugs: consistent/single studies of pregnancy-associated pharmacokinetic changes (percent calculated as pregnant/nonpregnant values).
| Drug [Reference] | Number of Studies | Total Number of Women (Nonpregnant/Pregnant) | Average Quality (24 Items) | Distribution Parameters | Exposure Parameters | Elimination Parameters | Trimester |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Atenolol [118,119] | 2 | 27/27 | 18.5 | NR | C max 93% & , AUC 96% & | Cl 131% & , t 1/2 85% & | 3rd |
| Clonidine [120] | 1 | 0 ! /17 | 16 | NR | NR | Cl 179% | 3rd |
| Digoxin [75] | 1 | 12/12 | 18 | Free fraction 106% | C max 72%, AUC 78% | Cl 157%, t 1/2 82% | 3rd |
| Fenoterol [121] | 1 | 5/9 | 15 | V d 58% | NR | Cl 93% | 2nd–3rd |
| Furosemide [122] | 1 | NR/9 | 11 | V d 188% | C max 41% | Cl 165%, t 1/2 111% | 3rd |
| Labetalol [123–125] | 3 | 64/75 | 18 | Higher V d # , & , V d 58% & | NR | Higher Cl # , & , Cl 71% & , t 1/2 96% | 3rd |
| Metildigoxin [126] | 1 | 1/8 | 14 | NR | NR | Cl 130% | 3rd |
| Metoprolol [127] | 1 | 8/8 | 17 | NR | Concentration 25% | NR | 3rd |
| Nifedipine [128] | 1 | 0 ! /15 | 15 | NR | C max 52% | Cl 408%, t 1/2 37% | 3rd |
| Penbutolol [40] | 1 | 10/11 | 13 | Free fraction 114% | NR | NR | 2nd–3rd |
| Sotalol [129] | 1 | 6/6 | 18 | V d 108% | AUC 60% | Cl 160%, t 1/2 70% | 3rd |
Significant results are marked in bold.
&Parameter not reported in all studies.
!Data compared to published reports.
#Numbers not provided.
NR, not reported.