Table 2.
Main psychiatric presentations of patients with autoimmune encephalitis
| Antigen targeted | Psychiatric symptoms at onset | Psychiatric symptoms during course | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| NMDAR | All symptoms can be observed, but behavioral change (frequently bizarre), anxiety, agitation, and hallucinations are the most frequent | Psychiatric symptoms are first symptoms in >40% of patients, and during evolution, >80% of patients present psychiatric symptoms | Dalmau et al17 Maat et al8 Irani et al13 Titualer et al3 Lejuste et al22 |
| AMPAR | Abnormal behavior (combativeness, aggressiveness), confabulation, hallucinations, sleep disturbances resembling acute psychosis | Reported in two patients | Graus et al46 |
| Lgi1 | Behavioral changes (apathy, irritability), confusion, disorientation, depression, delusions, hallucinations, sleep disorders | Vincent et al68 Merchut69 |
|
| Caspr2 | Severe insomnia, hallucinations, personality changes, delusion | Mainly in patients with Morvan’s syndrome | Vincent et al68 Irani et al58 Lancaster et al80 Joubert et al59 |
| GAD65 | Disorientation, confusion, bipolar disease | Rarely reported. Relationship with GAD65-antibodies unclear | Padmos et al94 Saiz et al87 Çoban et al93 |
| GABAB | Confusion, disorientation, behavioral changes, psychosis, hallucinations, paranoia, sleep disturbances | Lancaster et al118 Höftberger et al120 |
Abbreviations: NMDAR, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor; AMPAR, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropion acid receptor; Lgi1, leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1; Caspr2, contactin-associated protein-like 2; GAD65, glutamate decarboxylase 65 kDa isoform; GABAB, gamma-aminobutyric acid type B.