Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study participants
| Characteristic | Type 2 diabetes (n = 993) | Controls (n = 976) | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex (male : female) | 612:383 | 568:399 | 0.22 |
| Age (years) | 46.09 ± 12.56 | 42.93 ± 11.70 | <0.0001 |
| Height (m) | 1.68 ± 0.77 | 1.69 ± 0.08 | 0.075 |
| Weight (kg) | 73.16 ± 13.54 | 66.61 ± 12.39 | <0.0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 25.79 ± 0.114 | 23.32 ± 2.35 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumferences (cm) | 93.52 ± 0.427 | 81.25 ± 10.88 | <0.001 |
| Hip circumferences (cm) | 99.50 ± 7.44 | 95.79 ± 7.21 | <0.001 |
| WHR | 0.94 ± 0.06 | 0.85 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
| Systolic pressure (mmHg) | 130.14 ± 17.51 | 121.28 ± 15.08 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic pressure (mmHg) | 84.62 ± 11.18 | 79.22 ± 9.62 | <0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 10.05 ± 3.40 | 4.84 ± 0.29 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.00 ± 1.29 | 4.84 ± 1.01 | 0.019 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 2.38 ± 2.25 | 1.42 ± 0.95 | <0.001 |
| HDL‐C (mmol/L) | 1.21 ± 0.32 | 1.47 ± 0.35 | <0.001 |
| LDL‐C (mmol/L) | 2.91 ± 0.96 | 2.92 ± 0.86 | 0.842 |
| Fasting insulin (μU/mL) | 12.90 ± 7.59 | 7.87 ± 4.43 | <0.001 |
| HbAlc (%) | 9.30 ± 2.36 | 5.12 ± 0.47 | <0.001 |
| HOMA‐β | 59.21 ± 169.47 | 130.7 ± 150.21 | <0.001 |
| HOMA‐IR | 5.77 ± 4.05 | 1.70 ± 0.97 | <0.001 |
Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA‐β, homeostasis model assessment of beta‐cell function; HOMA‐IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; WHR, waist‐to‐hip ratio.