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. 2016 Nov 2;9:106. doi: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00106

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Copyright © 2016 Dadsetan, Balzano, Forteza, Cabrera-Pastor, Taoro-Gonzalez, Hernandez-Rabaza, Gil-Perotín, Cubas-Núñez, García-Verdugo, Agusti, Llansola and Felipo.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Spatial learning and memory in the radial and Morris water mazes are impaired in PCS rats and restored by infliximab. Radial maze was performed from 4 to 5 weeks and MWM at 6 weeks after PCS surgery. Spatial learning in the radial maze was assessed in sham (SM) and PCS rats, treated with vehicle or infliximab (INFLIX). Working (A,B) and reference (C,D) errors were counted on each day (A,C) and in the total period of 3 days (B,D). Spatial learning and memory was also assessed in the Morris water maze. Escape latencies (in seconds) to reach the platform during the different sessions are shown in (E) and the time spent in the right quadrant in the memory test in (F). Values are mean ± SEM of 15–16 rats per group. Two-way ANOVA with repeated measures and Bonferroni post-test were performed in (A,C,E). Statistic values were: F = 10, Df = 3, p < 0.0001 comparing all groups; F = 17.5, Df = 2, p < 0.0001 for the effect of time and for interaction, F = 4.3, Df = 6, p < 0.001 in (A). In (C), F = 5.8, Df = 3, p < 0.01 between groups; F = 9.6, Df = 2, p < 0.0001 for time effect and for interaction, F = 2.3, Df = 6, p < 0.05. In (E), only time effect was significant with F = 88.8, Df = 3, p < 0.0001, but there are not significant differences between groups. In (B,D,F) one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post test was performed. In (B), statistic values were F = 7.4, Df = 3, p < 0.001. In (C), F = 7.2, Df = 3, p < 0.001. In (F), F = 6.6, Df = 3, p < 0.001, PCS group is significantly different from SM, and from SM INFLIX and PCS INFLIX groups. Values significantly different from controls are indicated by asterisks and from PCS rats by a. ^**p < 0.01; ^***p < 0.001; ^ap < 0.05; bb, significant difference between PCS and SM- INFLIX, ^bbp < 0.01.