Table 4.

Correlates of receiving a refill for opioid analgesics after elective upper extremity surgery among opioid naïve patients (N=232,086)

Patient characteristics	Odds receiving refill of opioid prescription following surgery (95% CI)	P values
Type of surgery*
CTR (reference group)	1	–
CuTR	1.24 (1.15–1.33)	<0.001
CMC arthroplasty or arthrodesis	1.41 (1.32–1.50)	<0.001
TFR	0.75 (0.71–0.79)	<0.001
Age
18–34	1
35–44	0.97 (0.88–1.07)	0.53
45–54	0.98 (0.90–1.07)	0.70
55–64	0.90 (0.82–0.98)	0.02
65 and older	0.77 (0.69–0.85)	<0.001
Sex
Male	1
Female	1.08 (1.03–1.12)	0.001
Quartile of median house income
<=$40,000	1
$40,000-$50,000	0.96 (0.88–1.06)	0.46
$50,000-$60,000	0.87 (0.79–0.96)	0.006
$60,000-$70,000	0.52 (0.46–0.58)	<0.001
>$70,000	0.57 (0.49–0.67)	<0.001
Insurance type
PPO	1
Comprehensive	1.06 (0.99–1.15)	0.09
HMO	0.93 (0.88–0.99)	0.02
POS	0.94 (0.87–1.01)	0.10
Other	0.87 (0.80–0.94)	<0.001
Comorbidity score
0	1
1–3	1.51 (1.40–1.63)	<0.001
4–8	1.44 (1.34–1.56)	<0.001
>8	1.41 (1.30–1.52)	<0.001

^*CTR: carpal tunnel release; CuTR: cubital tunnel release; CMC arthroplasty or arthrodesis: thumb carpometacarpal joint arthroplasty or arthrodesis; TFR: trigger finger release