Table 2.

Patents on near-net-shape capability of ECAS.

Product shape	Reference
Hollow parts	[53]
Nozzle	[54]
Concentric circular functionally gradient material	[55]
Annular magnet	[56]
Die for forming glass lens	[57]
Automotive piston	[58]
Die for wire drawing	[59]
Complex parts (e.g. scroll-shaped) made of Al–Si	[60]
Friction element for disc brake	[61]