Table 4.

Recent ultrafast ECAS patents: inventors, controlling parameters (applied pressure, discharge time, voltage drop and imposed current) and sintered materials.

Inventor, nation year, reference	Pressure, discharge time, voltage, current densitya	Sintered materials
Cremer, US1944 [87]	≈100 MPa, 10 ms, 5–20 V ≈60 kA cm−2	Cu, Al, brass
Parker, US1968 [88]	10 MPa, 1 ms, (ng) >150 kA cm−2, 2000 J cm−3	Ti, Fe
Hetherington, US1969 [90]	120 MPa, (ng), 30 kV, (ng)	Porous materials particularly Ta
Okazaki, US1990 [39]	10 MPa, 10–500 μs >3 kV, >50 kA cm−2	Al–Fe–V, Ni, Ti, Ta
Knoess, US1996 [93]	300–700 MPa 0.05–50 ms <30 V, 100 kA cm−2	Fe, Cu
Bauer, US2008 [94]	400–700 MPa, 0.1–1s 7 V, <10 kA cm−2	Steel

^aReference value as given in the patent; (ng) =not given in the patent.