Table 1.

Representative tensile and shear modulus and % elongation values for selected natural and synthetic hydrogel systems, as well select biological tissues.

Polymer	E=tensile modulus G'=shear modulus (kPa)	Elongation (%)	References
Hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate (HEMA)–acrylic acid (AA)	E=200–300	30–150	[33]
HEMA–epoxy methacrylates	E=300–10 000	70–110	[34]
Poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)	E=20–1500	60–140	[35, 36]
Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)–HEMA	E=4000–8000	10–30	[37]
(PEG) fumarate	E=15–90	30–75	[38]
Acrylamide(AAm)–bis-acrylamide	E=0.05–30, G′= 0.007–19	–	[39–42]
Agarose	E=40	–	[43]
Gellum gum	E=50–200	5–15	[44]
Fibrin	G′=0.25–2.15	–	[42]
Collagen	G′=0.002–0.017	–	[45]
Skeletal muscle	E=3–450	–	[46]
Fibroblasts	E=1–3	–	[47]
Retina	E=0.1–0.97	–	[48]
Brain	G′=0.1–5	–	[42, 49–51]