Figure 3. Significant induction of RARβ₂ and C/EBPε by Am80‐GCSF is associated with both production of functional neutrophils and growth inhibition in primary human leukemic specimens.

1. Fresh BM mononuclear cells collected from AML patients were treated with 20 or 50 nM Am80 alone or in combination with medium dose of GCSF (25 ng/ml) for up to 9 days. Dynamic changes in proliferation (left sections) and live cells on day 9 (right sections) were illustrated for each of specimens. Controls were without treatment.
2. Fresh PB or BM mononuclear cells collected from AML patients were treated with 20, 100, or 150 nM Am80 alone or in combination with GCSF for up to 12 days. Dynamic changes in proliferation (left sections) and live cells on day 12 (right sections) were illustrated for each of specimens.
3. Fresh BM mononuclear cells collected from AML patients were treated with 150 nM Am80 alone or in combination with GCSF. Proliferation (left sections) and bacterial killing (right sections) were analyzed on day 12 for each of samples.
4. Fresh BM mononuclear cells collected from AML patient were treated with 150 nM Am80 alone or in combination with GCSF. Proliferation was assessed for up to 12 days (i), whereas ROS production, bacterial killing, morphologic differentiation, and RA‐target gene expression were assessed at day 12 (ii–v). White arrows indicate neutrophil nuclear segmentation.

Data information: Data are shown as mean ± SD and represent at least two independent experiments with similar results. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001 (Student's unpaired two‐tailed t‐test). Exact P‐values are provided in Appendix Table S4.