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Schematic representation of pleiotropic protective effects of σ1 receptor.
Molecular protective effects include so far antioxidant effect via ERK1/2 pathway, chaperone effect and Nrf2 activation.
ERK1/2: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; IL-6: interleukin-6; IL-1β: interleukin-1β; Nrf2: nuclear factor E2-related factor-2; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor-α.
