Table 2. Household- and Province-Level Risk Factors for Hepatitis A Infection in 10 to 18-year-old Iranian Adolescents by Multilevel Analysis: the CASPIAN III Study.
| Risk Factors | N Positive/Total (Percent) | OR | 95% CI | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | |||||
| Male | 788/1250 (63.00) | 1 | |||
| Female | 808/1241 (65.10) | 0.82 | 0.99 - 1.20 | 0.949 | |
| Residence | |||||
| Urban | 1045/1649 (63.40) | 1 | |||
| Rural | 550/843 (65.2) | 1.13 | 0.80 - 1.59 | 0.462 | |
| Age group | |||||
| 10 - 12 | 360/790 (45.60) | 1 | |||
| 13 - 15 | 421/585 (72.00) | 3.03 | 2.33 - 3.93 | 0.000 | |
| 16 - 18 | 816/1119 (72.9) | 3.27 | 2.60 - 4.11 | 0.000 | |
| Household-level risk factors a | |||||
| Number of households | |||||
| ≥ 7 | 236/352 (67.04) | 1 | |||
| 5 - 6 | 617/958 (64.40) | 0.90 | 0.67 - 1.21 | 0.501 | |
| ≤ 4 | 574/903 (63.56) | 1.03 | 0.75 - 1.42 | 0.828 | |
| Father education | |||||
| Illiterate | 163/260 (62.69) | 1 | |||
| Primary | 472/709 (66.57) | 1.28 | 0.89 - 1.84 | 0.181 | |
| Secondary | 379/595 (63.70) | 1.17 | 0.78 - 1.75 | 0.436 | |
| Tertiary | 391/613 (63.78) | 1.23 | 0.78 - 1.92 | 0.362 | |
| University | 141/241 (58.51) | 0.89 | 0.50 - 1.58 | 0.713 | |
| Mother education | |||||
| Illiterate | 304/459 (66.20) | 1 | |||
| Primary | 517/792 (65.27) | 1.08 | 0.79 - 1.48 | 0.614 | |
| Secondary | 338/530 (63.77) | 1.04 | 0.72 - 1.51 | 0.817 | |
| Tertiary | 324/526 (61.60) | 1.02 | 0.68 - 1.54 | 0.892 | |
| University | 79/139 (56.83) | 0.63 | 0.33 - 1.19 | 0.161 | |
| Father job | |||||
| Unemployed | 98/154 (63.63) | 1 | |||
| Hand-worker | 344/534 (64.41) | 1.09 | 0.70 - 1.71 | 0.680 | |
| Government-employee | 373/577 (64.64) | 1.20 | 0.73 - 1.97 | 0.464 | |
| Farmer | 183/275 (66.54) | 1.09 | 0.67 - 1.79 | 0.706 | |
| Self-employed | 530/849 (62.42) | 1.07 | 0.68 - 1.66 | 0.763 | |
| Mother job | |||||
| Homemaker | 1383/2182 (63.38) | 1 | |||
| Employed | 174/256 (67.96) | 1.73 | 1.14 - 2.62 | 0.009 | |
| HAV positive | HAV negative | ||||
| Socioeconomic status (score), mean | 7.21 | 7.24 | 0.97 | 0.92 - 1.04 | 0.494 |
| Province-level risk factors (mean) | |||||
| Healthy drinking water (%) | 93.09% | 93.08% | 1.01 | 0.98 - 1.02 | 0.659 |
| Budget (ratio) | 0.95 | 0.97 | 0.49 | 0.16 - 1.49 | 0.214 |
| Population density (N/m2) | 140.89 | 146.38 | 0.99 | 0.99 - 1.00 | 0.900 |
Abbreviation: ICC (intracluster correlation coefficient ) = 0.012
aMissing values were present, and complete case analysis strategy was used for dealing with missing values.