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Main activation processes in PAH biodegradation. The first step in the aerobic PAH catabolic pathways involves RHD. For the anaerobic PAH catabolic pathways, the activation steps presumably involve methyl-transferases for methylation, succinate synthases (glycyl radical enzymes) for addition to fumarate and carboxylases for carboxylation. The metabolic pathways have been largely reviewed (Lu, Zhang and Fang 2011; Meckenstock and Mouttaki 2011; Heider and Schühle 2013).
