Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and distribution of falls outcome among ambulatory home care clients in each diagnostic group
| Characteristics | Dementia % (n) | Falls in Dementia % (n) | Parkinsonism% (n) | Falls in Parkinsonism % (n) | Comparison % (n) | Falls in Comparison % (n) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | 30,597 | 21.9 (6,697) | 4,477 | 32.2 (1,443) | 80,652 | 19.1 (15,400) |
| Age (years) | ||||||
| < 65 | 2.8 (842) | 17.6 (148) | 4.6 (207) | 33.3 (69) | 15.6 (12,539) | 13.6 (1,700) |
| ≥ 65 to < 75 | 10.4 (3,191) | 17.4 (555) | 17.9 (799) | 32.3 (258) | 13.9 (11,240) | 16.3 (1,827) |
| ≥ 75 to < 85 | 46.2 (14,141) | 21.7 (3,064) | 50.3 (2,253) | 31.3 (706) | 33.4 (26,947) | 19.0 (5,129) |
| ≥85 to < 95 | 37.8 (11,559) | 23.6 (2,723) | 25.8 (1,156) | 34.3 (396) | 32.9 (26,558) | 22.2 (5,890) |
| ≥ 95 | 2.8 (858) | 23.5 (202) | 1.4 (61) | 23.0 (14) | 4.2 (3,353) | 25.4 (851) |
| Female | 65.1 (19,919) | 21.0 (4,189) | 51.5 (2,304) | 30.9 (711) | 70.5 (56,901) | 19.2 (10,949) |
| ≥ 2 Environmental Hazards | 2.0 (597) | 26.5 (158) | 3.5 (157) | 30.6 (48) | 2.8 (2,252) | 21.1 (475) |
| Time Client Is Alone Daily | ||||||
| Never / Hardly Ever | 50.8 (15,535) | 21.9 (3,408) | 47.4 (2,123) | 31.4 (667) | 31.7 (25,536) | 17.9 (4,581) |
| About One Hour | 16.2 (4,956) | 22.9 (1,137) | 17.1 (764) | 33.3 (254) | 10.9 (8,795) | 19.6 (1,720) |
| Long Periods of Time | 25.5 (7,808) | 21.8 (1,702) | 24.9 (1,116) | 33.3 (372) | 35.1 (28,330) | 20.1 (5,688) |
| Always | 7.5 (2,298) | 19.6 (450) | 10.6 (474) | 31.7 (150) | 22.3 (17,990) | 19.0 (3,410) |
| Absence of Informal Support Vision | 0.8 (254) | 13.0 (33) | 1.4 (64) | 25.0 (16) | 2.9 (2,366) | 14.2 (335) |
| Adequate | 73.4 (22,449) | 20.9 (4,681) | 67.8 (3,036) | 32.4 (983) | 73.9 (59,589) | 18.2 (10,832) |
| Impaired / Moderately Impaired | 23.0 (7,037) | 24.6 (1,734) | 28.6 (1,279) | 32.1 (410) | 22.0 (17,737) | 21.6 (3,839) |
| Highly / Severely Impaired | 3.6 (1,110) | 25.4 (282) | 3.6 (162) | 30.9 (50) | 4.1 (3,324) | 21.9 (728) |
| Diabetes | 18.9 (5,775) | 22.5 (1,297) | 21.0 (941) | 34.0 (320) | 25.1 (20,202) | 20.4 (4,124) |
| Arthritis | 42.7 (13,072) | 23.8 (3,109) | 49.7 (2,227) | 31.8 (708) | 57.1 (46,058) | 20.5 (9,437) |
| Hip Fracture | 2.7 (813) | 23.2 (189) | 4.1 (182) | 29.1 (53) | 3.8 (3,054) | 20.5 (625) |
| Cardiovascular Condition(s) | 64.4 (19,700) | 22.6 (3,882) | 62.3 (2,790) | 31.8 (758) | 71.1 (57,315) | 20.0 (10,255) |
| Unsteady Gait | 44.8 (13,693) | 26.9 (3,684) | 77.2 (3,454) | 34.0 (1,175) | 51.4 (41,414) | 22.4 (9,275) |
| Pain Scale Scorea | ||||||
| 0 | 58.8 (17,983) | 20.4 (3,672) | 39.5 (1,768) | 33.5 (593) | 30.3 (24,458) | 17.5 (4,280) |
| 1–2 | 38.0 (11,639) | 23.7 (2,760) | 51.2 (2,290) | 31.5 (722) | 56.1 (45,206) | 19.4 (8,784) |
| 3 | 3.2 (972) | 27.2 (264) | 9.4 (419) | 30.6 (128) | 13.6 (10,978) | 21.3 (2,335) |
| CHESS Scoreb | ||||||
| 0 | 35.3 (10,787) | 20.9 (2,252) | 36.8 (1,647) | 31.3 (516) | 39.1 (31,515) | 17.1 (5,384) |
| 1–2 | 56.0 (17,125) | 22.1 (3,787) | 56.0 (2,508) | 32.5 (814) | 52.7 (42,486) | 20.0 (8,487) |
| 3–5 | 8.8 (2,682) | 24.5 (657) | 7.2 (322) | 35.1 (113) | 8.2 (6,648) | 23.0 (1,529) |
| Dizziness or Lightheadedness | 8.9 (2,714) | 27.6 (748) | 17.4 (779) | 34.4 (268) | 14.7 (11,812) | 21.8 (2,574) |
| Parkinsonism | 4.0 (1,214) | 34.5 (419) | 100.0 (4,477) | 32.2 (1,443) | N/A | N/A |
| Dementia | 100.0 (30,597) | 21.9 (6,697) | 27.1 (1,214) | 34.5 (419) | N/A | N/A |
| Other Neurological Condition(s) | 18.1 (5,532) | 24.5 (1,356) | 17.3 (776) | 30.9 (240) | N/A | N/A |
| Poor Self-Rated Health | 6.6 (2,029) | 26.7 (542) | 22.6 (1,010) | 30.1 (304) | 20.5 (16,514) | 20.7 (3,414) |
| Fear of Falling | 30.5 (9,344) | 26.5 (2,474) | 55.0 (2,464) | 33.6 (829) | 37.7 (30,400) | 22.0 (6,678) |
| Bladder Continence | ||||||
| Continent / Continent with Catheter | 51.3 (15,692) | 19.1 (3,004) | 47.0 (2,102) | 31.1 (654) | 67.2 (54,230) | 17.3 (9,354) |
| Usually Continent / Occasionally Incontinent | 25.5 (7,811) | 24.1 (1,879) | 29.7 (1,329) | 32.6 (433) | 21.3 (17,212) | 22.2 (3,821) |
| Frequently Incontinent / Completely | 23.2 (7,094) | 25.6 (1,814) | 23.4 (1,046) | 34.0 (356) | 11.4 (9,211) | 24.2 (2,225) |
| Worsening Bladder Continence | 14.1 (4,307) | 26.9 (1,158) | 13.3 (595) | 37.7 (224) | 6.4 (5,144) | 24.4 (1,255) |
| Bowel Continence | ||||||
| Continent / Continent with Ostomy | 77.8 (23,807) | 21.2 (5,036) | 85.4 (3,822) | 32.5 (1,243) | 92.2 (74,345) | 18.8 (13,939) |
| Usually Continent / Occasionally Incontinent | 14.6 (4,457) | 24.7 (1,101) | 10.1 (454) | 32.2 (146) | 5.7 (4,579) | 23.8 (1,091) |
| Frequently Incontinent / Completely Incontinent / Did Not Occur | 7.6 (2,330) | 24.0 (558) | 4.5 (201) | 26.9 (54) | 2.1 (1,727) | 21.4 (370) |
| ≥ 9 Medications | 37.5 (11,487) | 24.5 (2,810) | 53.5 (2,393) | 33.3 (796) | 48.2 (38,844) | 21.1 (8,212) |
| Medications | ||||||
| Antipsychotic / Neuroleptic | 21.5 (6,582) | 22.1 (1,456) | 15.4 (691) | 32.3 (223) | 5.4 (4,337) | 19.2 (834) |
| Anxiolytic | 12.8 (3,920) | 22.9 (899) | 18.5 (830) | 32.1 (266) | 18.0 (14,506) | 20.8 (3,010) |
| Antidepressant | 27.0 (8,251) | 23.7 (1,957) | 29.6 (1,325) | 34.3 (454) | 19.0 (15,333) | 22.9 (3,512) |
| Hypnotic or Analgesic | 10.1 (3,083) | 23.8 (734) | 13.8 (619) | 31.8 (197) | 13.8 (11,102) | 20.8 (2,313) |
| Wandering | 9.9 (3,030) | 22.5 (683) | 2.7 (119) | 45.4 (54) | 0.3 (27) | 21.5 (58) |
| DRS Scorec | ||||||
| 0 | 59.0 (18,038) | 21.6 (3,894) | 60.4 (2,705) | 32.9 (891) | 67.5 (54,449) | 18.5 (10,047) |
| 1–2 | 25.8 (7,886) | 22.2 (1,751) | 24.3 (1,086) | 30.9 (336) | 20.5 (16,532) | 19.9 (3,291) |
| 3+ | 15.3 (4,668) | 22.5 (1,051) | 15.3 (686) | 31.5 (216) | 12.0 (9,650) | 21.3 (2,056) |
| ADLs Scored | ||||||
| 0 | 47.3 (14,478) | 20.4 (2,957) | 49.0 (2,194) | 30.6 (671) | 80.5 (64,880) | 18.6 (12,067) |
| 1–2 | 39.6 (12,108) | 22.8 (2,763) | 35.9 (1,608) | 34.2 (550) | 15.9 (12,830) | 21.7 (2,778) |
| 3–4 | 12.4 (3,780) | 24.8 (938) | 13.8 (619) | 33.0 (204) | 3.4 (2,750) | 19.3 (531) |
| 5–6 | 0.8 (229) | 17.0 (39) | 1.3 (56) | 32.1 (18) | 0.2 (188) | 11.7 (22) |
| ADLs Decline | 37.0 (11,309) | 23.2 (2,619) | 38.9 (1,740) | 32.9 (572) | 28.0 (22,543) | 20.9 (4,718) |
| CPS Scoree | ||||||
| 0 | 1.5 (467) | 23.3 (109) | 31.0 (1,388) | 28.8 (400) | 63.8 (51,488) | 17.4 (8,962) |
| 1–2 | 58.2 (17,812) | 22.1 (3,931) | 54.4 (2,437) | 34.5 (841) | 33.7 (27,167) | 22.3 (6,057) |
| 3–4 | 26.5 (8,118) | 21.3 (1,729) | 9.8 (438) | 30.1 (132) | 1.8 (1,422) | 20.4 (290) |
| 5–6 | 13.7 (4,199) | 22.1 (928) | 4.8 (214) | 32.7 (70) | 0.7 (574) | 15.9 (91) |
| Worsening Decision Making Stair Climbing | 38.0 (11,619) | 21.4 (2,489) | 15.6 (698) | 33.7 (235) | 5.7 (4,571) | 24.4 (1,116) |
| Without Help | 47.4 (14,485) | 18.8 (2,723) | 29.7 (1,331) | 31.4 (418) | 43.9 (35,385) | 16.7 (5,912) |
| With Help / Did Not Occur | 52.7 (16,109) | 24.7 (3,974) | 70.3 (3,146) | 32.6 (1,025) | 56.1 (45,261) | 21.0 (9,486) |
| Assessment interval (days)f | 181.9 (77.2) | N/A | 188.4 (75.1) | N/A | 197.7 (74.7) | N/A |
a
Range 0–3;
b
Changes in Health, End-stage disease, Signs, and Symptoms Scale; range 0–5;
c
Depression Rating Scale; range 0–14;
d
Activities of Daily Living Hierarchy Scale; range 0–6;
e
Cognitive Performance Scale; range 0–6;
f
Mean (SD)
N/A = not applicable