Table 3.
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for diabetes, glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance with primary incident liver cancer over 22 years of follow-up in a nested case-control study from the ATBC cohort
| Diabetes | Self-reported diabetes only | Fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL only b | Self-report or fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No (ref) | Yes | No (ref) | Yes | No (ref) | Yes | ||||
| Controls/ cases |
Controls/ cases |
Odds ratio (95%CI) |
Controls/ cases |
Controls/ cases |
Odds ratio (95%CI) |
Controls/ cases |
Controls/ cases |
Odds ratio (95%CI) |
|
| Age adjusted | 655/124 | 26/14 | 2.59 (1.29–5.18) | 623/109 | 32/15 | 3.11 (1.61–6.03) | 623/109 | 58/29 | 2.97 (1.80–4.90) |
| Multivariable model a | 655/124 | 26/14 | 2.48 (1.20–5.12) | 623/109 | 32/15 | 2.95 (1.46–5.96) | 623/109 | 58/29 | 2.79 (1.65–4.75) |
| >0 to 10 years of follow-up a | 655/57 | 26/8 | 3.45 (1.38–8.63) | 623/51 | 32/6 | 2.69 (0.93–7.80) | 623/51 | 58/14 | 3.14 (1.51–6.54) |
| >10 years of follow-up a | 655/67 | 26/6 | 1.95 (0.73–5.21) | 623/58 | 32/9 | 3.07 (1.34–7.05) | 623/58 | 58/15 | 2.61 (1.34–5.09) |
| Glucose (mg/dL) b |
Q1 (ref) (89, 86–92) c |
Q2 (97, 95–98) c |
Q3 (103, 101–104) c |
Q4 (114, 110–124) c |
|||||
| Controls/ cases |
Controls/ cases |
Odds ratio (95%CI) |
Controls/ cases |
Odds ratio (95%CI) |
Controls/ cases |
Odds ratio (95%CI) |
P-trend | ||
| Age adjusted | 193/25 | 153/20 | 1.05 (0.56–1.98) | 155/34 | 1.69 (0.96–2.98) | 154/45 | 2.30 (1.34–3.96) | 0.001 | |
| Multivariable model a | 193/25 | 153/20 | 1.28 (0.66–2.49) | 155/34 | 1.88 (1.03–3.49) | 154/45 | 2.40 (1.33–4.35) | 0.002 | |
| >0 to 10 years of follow-up a | 193/18 | 153/11 | 1.26 (0.53–3.01) | 155/12 | 1.07 (0.45–2.50) | 154/16 | 1.40 (0.61–3.21) | 0.511 | |
| >10 years of follow-up a | 193/7 | 153/9 | 1.74 (0.62–4.90) | 155/22 | 3.83 (1.55–9.45) | 154/29 | 4.82 (1.99–11.70) | <0.0001 | |
| Insulin (µU/mL) b |
Q1 (ref) 2.4 (1.9–2.6)c |
Q2 3.6 (3.3–4.0)c |
Q3 5.3 (4.8–5.8)c |
Q4 8.7 (7.5–11.2)c |
|||||
| Controls/ cases |
Controls/ cases |
Odds ratio (95%CI) |
Controls/ cases |
Odds ratio (95%CI) |
Controls/ cases |
Odds ratio (95%CI) |
P-trend | ||
| Age adjusted | 175/20 | 162/17 | 0.91 (0.46–1.82) | 155/21 | 1.15 (0.60–2.22) | 163/66 | 3.42 (1.97–5.94) | <0.0001 | |
| Multivariable model a | 175/20 | 162/17 | 0.96 (0.47–1.96) | 155/21 | 1.14 (0.55–2.33) | 163/66 | 3.41 (1.74–6.66) | <0.0001 | |
| >0 to 10 years of follow-up a | 175/14 | 162/11 | 0.87 (0.36–2.12) | 155/9 | 0.52 (0.19–1.45) | 163/23 | 1.22 (0.47–3.19) | 0.816 | |
| >10 years of follow-up a | 175/6 | 162/6 | 1.05 (0.32–3.39) | 155/12 | 2.20 (0.77–6.29) | 163/43 | 7.42 (2.79–19.76) | <0.0001 | |
| HOMA-IR b |
Q1 (ref) 0.51 (0.42–60) c |
Q2 0.85 (0.76–0.94) c |
Q3 1.32 (1.20–1.51) c |
Q4 2.39 (2.07–3.35) c |
|||||
| Controls/ cases |
Controls/ cases |
Odds ratio (95%CI) |
Controls/ cases |
Odds ratio (95%CI) |
Controls/ cases |
Odds ratio (95%CI) |
P-trend | ||
| Age adjusted | 166/18 | 163/18 | 1.00 (0.50–2.01) | 163/20 | 1.05 (0.53–2.08) | 163/68 | 3.70 (2.09–6.55) | <0.0001 | |
| Multivariable model a | 166/18 | 163/18 | 1.04 (0.50–2.13) | 163/20 | 0.97 (0.46–2.04) | 163/68 | 3.72 (1.89–7.32) | <0.0001 | |
| >0 to 10 years of follow-up a | 166/12 | 163/11 | 0.94 (0.38–2.35) | 163/10 | 0.58 (0.21–1.63) | 163/24 | 1.60 (0.62–4.14) | 0.390 | |
| >10 years of follow-up a | 166/6 | 166/7 | 1.13 (0.36–3.54) | 163/10 | 1.50 (0.51–4.46) | 163/44 | 6.87 (2.60–18.17) | <0.0001 | |
a
Multivariable models are adjusted for age (years), cigarettes per day, and duration of smoking (years), alcohol intake (≤2.8, >2.8 to ≤11, >11 to ≤26, >26 to ≤44, >44 g/day), anti-HBc, HBsAg, anti-HCV, body mass index (BMI, <18.5, 18.5 to <25, 25 to <30, 30 to <35, ≥35 kg/m2), and education (elementary education or less, more than elementary education).
b
Restricted to participants who did not report a diagnosis of diabetes at baseline.
c
Median and interquartile range (IQR) among controls.