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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Psychol Med. 2016 Aug 18;46(15):3105–3116. doi: 10.1017/S0033291716001914

Table 2.

Adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the association of trauma exposure and PTSD symptoms with risk of incident hypertension, 1989–2011

No trauma Trauma-exposed
No symptoms 1–3 symptoms 4–5 symptoms 6–7 symptoms

Cases, n (person-y) 3,558 (243,699) 7,741 (480,677) 2,211 (119,662) 1,412 (73,763) 915 (46,575)
Hazard Ratio (95% Confidence Interval)

P P P P
Model 1:
Minimally adjusted model*
1 (ref) 1.04 (1.002–1.09) .038 1.12 (1.06–1.18) <.0001 1.17 (1.10–1.25) <.0001 1.20 (1.12–1.30) <.0001
Model 2:
Model adjusted for biomedical covariates+
1 (ref) 1.02 (0.98–1.06) .276 1.09 (1.03–1.15) .002 1.13 (1.06–1.20) .0002 1.13 (1.05–1.21) .001
Model 3:
Pathways model 1
1 (ref) 1.00 (0.96–1.04) .919 1.07 (1.01–1.13) .018 1.09 (1.03–1.16) .006 1.08 (1.002–1.16) .043
Model 4:
Pathways model 2§
1 (ref) 1.00 (0.96–1.04) .979 1.06 (1.005–1.12) .034 1.08 (1.01–1.15) .020 1.06 (0.98–1.14) .142
*

Adjusted for age at baseline, race/ethnicity, parental education, maternal and paternal history of hypertension, and age 5 somatotype.

+

Additionally adjusted for use of oral contraceptives, acetaminophen, aspirin, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, menopausal status and hormone therapy use, and hypercholesterolemia.

Additionally adjusted for body mass index, physical activity, diet quality, sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, artificially-sweetened beverage consumption, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption.

§

Additionally adjusted for antidepressant use.