Table 1.
General characteristics, support measures and outcomes of patients
| Variables | Whole group (N = 957) |
Survivors (N = 646) |
Non-survivors (N = 311) |
P valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General characteristics | ||||
| Age—yo | 52 ± 19 | 50 ± 19 | 56 ± 18 | <0.001 |
| Gender (males/females)—n | 504/453 | 331/315 | 173/138 | 0.291 |
| SAPS 3 | 65 [50,79] | 60 [48,72] | 74 [59,90] | <0.001 |
| Total SOFA (first day) | 6 [3,9] | 5 [3,8] | 9 [6,12] | <0.001 |
| Worst lactate (first day)—mmol/L | 3.0 [2.0,4.0] | 2.7 [1.9,3.7] | 3.7 [2.2,5.8] | <0.001 |
| Maximum SOFA (ICU stay) | 7 [6,12] | 6 [5,9] | 12 [8,16] | <0.001 |
| Support measures | ||||
| Vasopressors—n (%) | 572 (60) | 322 (50) | 250 (80) | <0.001 |
| Inotropes—n (%) | 13 (1) | 11 (2) | 2 (1) | <0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation (first day)—n (%) | 259 (27) | 131 (20) | 128 (41) | <0.001 |
| (C)RRT (first day)—n (%) | 102 (11) | 51 (8) | 51 (16) | <0.001 |
| Mechanical ventilation (ICU stay)—n (%) | 420 (44) | 267 (41) | 153 (49) | 0.026 |
| (C)RRT (ICU stay)—n (%) | 233 (24) | 137 (21) | 96 (31) | 0.001 |
| Sepsis-2 classification | ||||
| Sepsis—n (%) | 134 (14) | 116 (18) | 18 (6) | <0.001 |
| Severe sepsis—n (%) | 251 (26) | 208 (32) | 43 (14) | <0.001 |
| Septic shock—n (%) | 572 (60) | 322 (50) | 250 (80) | <0.001 |
| Sepsis-3 classification | ||||
| No-dysfunction—n (%) | 103 (11) | 96 (15) | 7 (2) | <0.001 |
| Sepsis—n (%) | 419 (44) | 313 (48) | 106 (34) | <0.001 |
| Septic shock—n (%) | 435 (45) | 237 (37) | 198 (64) | <0.001 |
| Infection source | ||||
| Respiratory—n (%) | 402 (42) | 263 (41) | 139 (45) | 0.271 |
| Abdominal—n (%) | 107 (11) | 75 (12) | 32 (10) | 0.619 |
| Urinary tract—n (%) | 84 (9) | 63 (10) | 21 (7) | 0.157 |
| Skin and soft tissue—n (%) | 72 (8) | 45 (7) | 27 (9) | 0.417 |
| Febrile neutropenia syndrome—n (%) | 32 (3) | 19 (3) | 13 (4) | 0.420 |
| Catheter related—n (%) | 22 (2) | 17 (3) | 5 (2) | 0.448 |
| Primary bloodstream infection—n (%) | 17 (2) | 13 (2) | 4 (1) | 0.592 |
| Osteoarticular—n (%) | 17 (2) | 10 (2) | 7 (2) | 0.610 |
| Unidentifiable source—n (%) | 167 (17) | 117 (18) | 50 (16) | 0.493 |
| Othersb—n (%) | 37 (4) | 24 (4) | 13 (4) | 1.000 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus—n (%) | 196 (20) | 124 (19) | 72 (23) | 0.174 |
| Chronic heart failure—n (%) | 107 (11) | 71 (11) | 36 (12) | 0.860 |
| Chronic arterial hypertension—n (%) | 95 (10) | 61 (9) | 34 (11) | 0.534 |
| Dialysis dependent chronic renal failure—n (%) | 66 (7) | 48 (7) | 18 (6) | 0.429 |
| Rheumatologic diseases—n (%) | 59 (6) | 37 (6) | 22 (7) | 0.497 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease—n (%) | 38 (4) | 25 (4) | 13 (4) | 0.949 |
| Hematologic cancer—n (%) | 30 (3) | 11 (2) | 19 (6) | <0.001 |
| Solid cancer—n (%) | 26 (3) | 17 (3) | 9 (3) | 0.977 |
| Organ transplantation—n (%) | 20 (2) | 14 (2) | 6 (2) | 1.000 |
| AIDSc—n (%) | 19 (2) | 12 (2) | 7 (2) | 0.867 |
| Liver cirrhosis—n (%) | 14 (1) | 9 (1) | 5 (2) | 1.000 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Days on mechanical ventilationd | 3 [1,6] | 3 [1,6] | 3 [1,4] | 0.716 |
| Days on (C)RRTd | 3 [2,7] | 3 [2,7] | 3 [2,6] | 0.181 |
| Days on vasopressorsd | 2 [1,4] | 2 [1,4] | 2 [1,4] | 0.991 |
| ICU Length of stay—days | 5 [4,11] | 5 [4,10] | 6 [3,13] | 0.994 |
| ICU mortality—n (%) | 311 (32) | 0 (0) | 311 (100) | na |
| Death within the first 48 h of ICU—n (%) | 78 (8) | 0 (0) | 78 (25) | na |
| Discharge within the first 48 h of ICU—n (%) | 85 (9) | 85 (13) | 0 (0) | na |
aComparison between survivors and non-survivors
bOthers are endocarditis, meningitis, leptospirosis and mediastinitis
cAIDS denotes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
dResults using only patients which needed the support. na denotes not applicable