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. 2016 Nov 3;7:412. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00412

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Copyright © 2016 Ottenlinger, Mayer, Ferreirós, Schreiber, Schwiebs, Schmidt, Ackermann, Pfeilschifter and Radeke.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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IFN-β-treated RRMS patients demonstrated increased ceramides of specific chain length. (A–F) Ceramides were determined by mass spectrometry from plasma of RRMS patients and healthy controls. Data shown are Tukey box plots with a horizontal line representing the median, whiskers representing the 1.5× interquartile range and dots representing outliers. Healthy controls (n = 21), untreated patients (w/o, n = 11), IFN-β (n = 18), natalizumab (n = 16), and fingolimod (n = 24) treated patients. One-Way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc comparison or Kruskal-Wallis’ test with Dunn’s post hoc comparison for normally or non-normally distributed data, respectively. ^∗p ≤ 0.05; ^∗∗p < 0.01; ^∗∗∗p < 0.001.