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. 2016 Apr 7;44(11):3319–3334. doi: 10.1007/s10439-016-1601-y

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© The Author(s) 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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(a, b, c and d) Representative images of double immunofluorescence stained serial sections of TPU and ePTFE grafts after 1 month implantation showing host cell infiltration of Ki67⁺ cells (red), α-SMA⁺ and desmin⁺ cells (in green). Nuclei counterstained with DAPI (blue), scale bar: 50 μm. (e,f,g and h) Magnified view of mid graft region; red arrows: ki67⁻ and desmin⁺/α-SMA⁺ cells, yellow arrows: co-expression of ki67-α-SMA or ki67-desmin of the infiltrated cells, scale bar: 20 μm. (i) Quantification of the number of desmin⁺, α-SMA⁺, PDGF⁺, VEGF⁺, Ki67⁺ cells which migrated into the graft wall of TPU and ePTFE specimens (1 week, 1 month implantation, n = 4). Data are expressed as mean ± SD. *(p < 0.05) ** (p < 0.001) indicate statistical differences in cell populations between the two time points in each individual graft. (j) Percentage of desmin⁺, α-SMA⁺, PDGF⁺, VEGF⁺ cells within Ki67⁺ cells (n = 4).