Table 2. The comparisons of dietary behaviors between the CTRL and the APNE groups.
| Variables* | CTRL (n = 23) | APNE (n = 33) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | After 3 mon | p value† | Baseline | After 3 mon | p value† | ||
| No. of meals per day more 3 times/day | 0 (0)‡ | 0 (0) | 1.000§ | 17 (51.5) | 24 (72.7) | 0.089§ | |
| 3 times/day | 2 (8.7) | 2 (8.7) | 7 (21.2) | 5 (15.2) | |||
| 2 times/day | 21 (91.3) | 21 (91.3) | 4 (12.1) | 4 (12.1) | |||
| 1 time/day | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (15.2) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Days eating at regular times | 2.57 ± 1.74∥ | 2.60 ± 0.94 | 0.655 | 2.90 ± 0.98 | 2.30 ± 0.64 | 0.005 | |
| Days following eating plan | 3.60 ± 2.74 | 4.00 ± 2.73 | 0.021 | 3.85 ± 2.44 | 5.15 ± 1.68 | 0.001 | |
| Days eating fruits and vegetables | 3.48 ± 2.70 | 3.87 ± 2.12 | 0.192 | 3.12 ± 2.33 | 4.24 ± 1.56 | 0.010 | |
| Days eating high fat foods | 1.09 ± 0.90 | 2.30 ± 1.06 | 0.000 | 1.03 ± 0.95 | 0.61 ± 0.86 | 0.002 | |
| Days eating carbohydrates evenly throughout the day | 5.30 ± 1.89 | 5.04 ± 1.80 | 0.201 | 5.30 ± 2.10 | 5.27 ± 2.11 | 0.854 | |
| Days having healthy balanced diets | 3.43 ± 2.21 | 4.17 ± 1.97 | 0.021 | 3.24 ± 2.14 | 4.58 ± 1.60 | 0.002 | |
| Alcohol | 0.437§ | 0.202§ | |||||
| Yes | 3 (13.0) | 5 (21.7) | 8 (24.2) | 4 (12.1) | |||
| No | 20 (87.0) | 18 (78.3) | 25 (75.8) | 29 (87.9) | |||
| Smoking | 1.000§ | 1.000§ | |||||
| Yes | 3 (13.0) | 3 (13.0) | 3 (9.1) | 3 (9.1) | |||
| No | 20 (87.0) | 20 (87.0) | 30 (90.9) | 30 (90.9) | |||
CTRL, general instruction for diabetes (control); APNE, activity-based personalized nutrition education.
*Each variable was measured on a 7-point scale ranging from 0 to 7 (0–7 days); †Statistical analysis by Wilcoxon signed rank test; ‡No. (%); §Statistical analysis by χ2 test; ∥Mean ± standard deviation (SD).