Table 3. The comparisons of changes in dietary intake of food groups between the CTRL and the APNE groups.

Food groups, g	CTRL (n = 23)			APNE (n = 33)
	Baseline	After 3 mon	p value*	Baseline	After 3 mon	p value*
Grains and products	246.9 ± 106.9†	254.7 ± 110.8	0.625	262.6 ± 80.1	225.2 ± 50.4	0.009
Root, tuber crops	32.2 ± 53.1	41.5 ± 61.0	0.249	20.9 ± 53.4	6.2 ± 14.2	0.091
Saccharides and products	11.4 ± 13.8	12.3 ± 16.5	0.366	11.6 ± 8.8	8.3 ± 8.3	0.032
Pulse and products	40.2 ± 51.5	58.6 ± 72.2	0.041	38.9 ± 54.7	65.0 ± 61.3	0.003
Seeds nuts and products	12.4 ± 43.8	13.1 ± 43.7	0.233	3.1 ± 9.3	1.7 ± 2.5	0.755
Vegetables and products	523.1 ± 190.0	534.5 ± 206.1	0.983	402.6 ± 166.6	431.4 ± 167.9	0.143
Mushroom	6.5 ± 25.5	14.1 ± 31.2	0.066	1.6 ± 5.7	14.6 ± 33.2	0.059
Fruits and products	133.0 ± 143.2	109.2 ± 143.2	0.144	154.9 ± 152.1	101.2 ± 111.4	0.013
Meats and products	46.3 ± 48.6	50.2 ± 51.6	0.574	38.5 ± 33.4	51.1 ± 52.5	0.204
Eggs	13.9 ± 27.2	26.0 ± 33.5	0.038	26.9 ± 45.3	42.9 ± 56.2	0.060
Fish and shellfishes and products	86.8 ± 84.5	90.2 ± 84.9	0.362	66.1 ± 71.1	83.4 ± 76.5	0.145
Seaweeds and products	2.5 ± 6.6	2.5 ± 6.3	1.000	18.5 ± 42.5	16.6 ± 40.1	0.528
Milk, dairy foods	33.5 ± 60.7	45.7 ± 77.8	0.251	90.3 ± 140.4	106.7 ± 131.4	0.490
Fat and oils	10.5 ± 8.4	12.1 ± 7.2	0.190	9.6 ± 8.1	10.1 ± 7.4	0.301
Drinks and alcohols	104.8 ± 97.1	122.3 ± 104.2	0.187	80.7 ± 88.4	54.5 ± 76.9	0.204

CTRL, general instruction for diabetes (control); APNE, activity-based personalized nutrition education.

^*Statistical analysis by Wilcoxon signed rank test. ^†Mean ± standard deviation (SD).