Table 1. Baseline characteristics of the subjects.
| Characteristics | All (n = 5,705) | Hypertension | p value† | Coronary heart disease | p value† | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control (n = 4,113) | Case (n = 1,592) | Control (n = 5,640) | Case (n = 65) | |||||
| Age, yr* | 48.2 ± 0.1 | 47.3 ± 0.1 | 50.5 ± 0.2 | < 0.0001 | 48.2 ± 0.1 | 53.0 ± 0.6 | < 0.0001 | |
| Males, % (No.) | 48.9 (2,792) | 47.1 (1,936) | 53.8 (856) | < 0.0001 | 48.8 (2,754) | 48.5 (38) | 0.1220 | |
| Area, % (No.) | < 0.0001 | < 0.0001 | ||||||
| Rural (Ansung) | 38.6 (2,202) | 33.5 (1,379) | 51.7 (823) | 38.3 (2,159) | 66.2 (43) | |||
| Urban (Ansan) | 61.4 (3,503) | 66.5 (2,734) | 48.3 (769) | 61.7 (3,481) | 33.9 (22) | |||
| Education level, % (No.)‡ | < 0.0001 | 0.0440 | ||||||
| ≤ Elementary | 22.4 (1,269) | 18.9 (775) | 31.4 (494) | 22.3 (1,249) | 30.8 (20) | |||
| ≤ Middle | 25.1 (1,422) | 24.8 (1,018) | 25.6 (404) | 25.0 (1,402) | 30.8 (20) | |||
| ≤ High | 36.5 (2,074) | 39.7 (1,628) | 28.3 (446) | 36.7 (2,061) | 20.0 (13) | |||
| ≥ University | 16.1 (912) | 16.6 (680) | 14.7 (232) | 16.0 (900) | 18.5 (12) | |||
| Physical activity, % (No.) | 84.4 (4,814) | 84.3 (3,467) | 84.7 (1,347) | 0.7440 | 84.4 (4,757) | 87.7 (57) | 0.4630 | |
| Alcohol use, % (No.) | 0.0390 | 0.0640 | ||||||
| Never | 43.0 (2,441) | 43.9 (1,797) | 40.8 (644) | 43.0 (2,414) | 42.2 (27) | |||
| Previous | 5.8 (328) | 5.4 (222) | 6.7 (106) | 5.7 (320) | 12.5 (8) | |||
| Current | 51.2 (2,905) | 50.7 (2,077) | 52.5 (828) | 51.3 (2,876) | 45.3 (29) | |||
| Smoking, % (No.) | < 0.0001 | 0.0300 | ||||||
| Never | 58.0 (3,271) | 58.8 (2,399) | 55.6 (872) | 58.1 (3,243) | 43.1 (28) | |||
| Previous | 15.3 (864) | 13.9 (566) | 19.0 (298) | 15.2 (848) | 24.6 (16) | |||
| Current | 26.8 (1,510) | 27.3 (1,113) | 26.3 (397) | 26.7 (1,489) | 32.3 (21) | |||
| SBP, mmHg | 118.9 ± 0.2 | 111.3 ± 0.2 | 138.5 ± 0.4 | < 0.0001 | 118.8 ± 0.2 | 126.7 ± 2.1 | 0.0003 | |
| DBP, mmHg | 79.6 ± 0.2 | 74.7 ± 0.1 | 92.3 ± 0.2 | < 0.0001 | 79.6 ± 0.2 | 83.1 ± 1.3 | 0.0159 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.7 ± 0.0 | 24.3 ± 0.0 | 25.9 ± 0.1 | < 0.0001 | 24.7 ± 0.0 | 25.4 ± 0.3 | 0.0618 | |
| WC, cm | 82.0 ± 0.1 | 80.5 ± 0.1 | 86.0 ± 0.2 | < 0.0001 | 82.0 ± 0.1 | 86.2 ± 1.0 | 0.0001 | |
| FBG, log (mg/dL) | 87.8 ± 0.3 | 86.0 ± 0.3 | 92.4 ± 0.7 | < 0.0001 | 87.7 ± 0.3 | 90.7 ± 2.6 | 0.1464 | |
| TC, mg/dL | 191.8 ± 35.9 | 189.4 ± 0.5 | 198.1 ± 1.0 | < 0.0001 | 191.7 ± 0.5 | 201.0 ± 4.7 | 0.0376 | |
| HDLC, log (mg/dL) | 44.8 ± 0.1 | 45.2 ± 0.2 | 43.7 ± 0.2 | < 0.0001 | 44.8 ± 0.1 | 42.5 ± 1.1 | 0.0560 | |
| LDLC, mg/dL | 116.1 ± 0.4 | 115.0 ± 0.5 | 118.8 ± 0.9 | 0.0001 | 116.0 ± 0.4 | 122.8 ± 4.0 | 0.0996 | |
| TG, log (mg/dL) | 162.1 ± 1.4 | 151.9 ± 1.6 | 188.3 ± 3.0 | < 0.0001 | 161.8 ± 1.4 | 183.6 ± 13.7 | 0.0437 | |
| γ-GTP, log (IU/L) | 36.5 ± 0.9 | 31.4 ± 0.8 | 49.6 ± 2.4 | < 0.0001 | 36.4 ± 0.9 | 39.0 ± 5.2 | 0.0763 | |
| hs-CRP, log (mg/dL) | 0.219 ± 0.007 | 0.202 ± 0.007 | 0.262 ± 0.018 | < 0.0001 | 0.218 ± 0.007 | 0.232 ± 0.028 | 0.0099 | |
| Genotype, %§ | ||||||||
| rs11125529 | 72.6 / 25.0 / 2.5 | 72.2 / 25.2 / 2.6 | 73.4 / 24.4 / 2.1 | 0.4900 | 72.6 / 25.0 / 2.5 | 72.3 / 27.7 / 0.0 | 0.4050 | |
| rs12696304 | 54.4 / 38.7 / 6.9 | 55.1 / 38.3 / 6.7 | 53.0 / 39.5 / 7.5 | 0.3050 | 54.5 / 38.6 / 6.9 | 44.6 / 44.6 / 0.8 | 0.2080 | |
| rs10936601 | 54.2 / 38.4 / 7.4 | 54.8 / 38.1 / 7.2 | 52.9 / 39.2 / 7.9 | 0.3660 | 54.3 / 38.3 / 7.3 | 44.6 / 44.6 / 10.8 | 0.2440 | |
| rs2098713 | 24.2 / 48.8 / 17.0 | 34.6 / 48.3 / 17.1 | 33.2 / 48.8 / 17.0 | 0.4920 | 34.3 / 48.7 / 17.0 | 26.2 / 56.9 /16.9 | 0.3440 | |
| rs654128 | 93.3 / /6.7 / 0.1 | 93.3 / 6.7 / 0.1 | 92.5 / 7.5 / 0.0 | 0.3580 | 93.1 / 6.9 / 0.04 | 70.8 / 9.2 / 0.0 | 0.7540 | |
| rs17635722 | 75.6 / 22.9 / 1.5 | 75.5 / 23.0 / 1.5 | 75.6 / 22.7 / 1.7 | 0.7950 | 75.5 / 23.0 / 1.5 | 80.0 / 18.5 / 1.5 | 0.6890 | |
| rs398652 | 41.7 / 45.6 / 12.8 | 42.5 / 44.8 / 12.7 | 39.6 / 47.5 / 12.9 | 0.1320 | 41.8 / 45.5 / 12.8 | 33.9 / 52.3 / 13.9 | 0.4300 | |
| rs4902100 | 80.8 / 18.1 / 1.1 | 80.6 / 18.3 / 1.1 | 81.3 / 17.4 / 1.3 | 0.6100 | 80.9 / 18.0 / 1.1 | 76.9 / 23.1 / 0.0 | 0.4120 | |
| rs2535913 | 69.7 / 27.4 / 2.9 | 69.5 / 27.7 / 2.9 | 70.4 / 26.7 / 3.0 | 0.7580 | 69.8 / 27.3 / 2.9 | 63.1 / 35.4 / 1.5 | 0.3070 | |
| rs2162440 | 57.5 / 36.4 / 6.1 | 57.8 / 36.0 / 6.2 | 56.5 / 37.5 / 6.0 | 0.5630 | 57.5 / 36.4 / 6.1 | 55.4 / 40.0 / 4.6 | 0.7690 | |
| rs1975174 | 50.7 / 41.0 / 8.3 | 50.8 / 40.8 / 8.4 | 50.3 / 41.5 / 8.2 | 0.8920 | 50.7 / 40.9 / 8.4 | 52.3 / 44.6 / 3.1 | 0.2960 | |
| rs401681 | 45.4 / 44.1 / 10.5 | 46.3 / 43.3 / 10.4 | 43.0 / 46.2 / 10.8 | 0.0840 | 45.4 / 44.1 / 10.5 | 43.1 / 46.2 / 10.8 | 0.9310 | |
SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; FBG, fasting blood glucose; TC, total cholesterol; HDLC, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDLC, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; γ-GTP, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; hs-CRP, high sensitivity C reactive protein; n, number.
*Values are represented as mean ± standard error for continuous variables and number of counts and percentage for categorical variables. †p values are from student’s t-test for continuous variables and χ2 test for categorical variables assessing the difference between the groups. ‡Apart from major dependent variables (e.g. hypertension and coronary heart disease) and major independent variables (e.g. genotype), some variables included missing data points. §The values were represented as percentage of the AA / Aa / aa genotype, respectively.