Table 1. General characteristics of 11 studies included for the current systematic review.
| Nutrient | Study | Study year | Subject characteristics | Group classification | Sample size | Age range | BMI, kg/m2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sodium | Rhie et al. [43] | - | Rural housewives | Total | 30 | 26–57 | 22 | |
| Sodium | Choi et al. [44] | 2004 | Rural, coastal, and urban | Total | 354 | ≥ 20 | 25 | |
| Sodium | Song et al. [21] | 2007–2009 | KNHANES Ⅳ | Total | 5,955 | 19–64 | - | |
| Daily sodium intake | ||||||||
| Quintile 1 (≤ 3,564.9 mg for men) | 139,145 | - | ||||||
| (≤ 2,394.4 mg for women) | ||||||||
| Quintile 2 (3,565.0–4,931.7 mg for men) | 170,137 | - | ||||||
| (2,394.4–3,293.1 mg for women) | ||||||||
| Quintile 3 (4,936.0–6,248.3 mg for men) | 158,133 | - | ||||||
| (3,293.5–4,370.9 mg for women) | ||||||||
| Quintile 4 (6,248.9–8,230.3 mg for men) | 170,140 | - | ||||||
| (4,372.2–5,879.1 mg for women) | ||||||||
| Quintile 5 (≥ 8,230.6 mg for men) | 190,154 | - | ||||||
| (≥ 5,880.3 mg for women) | ||||||||
| Overweight (BMI ≥ 25kg/m2) | 1,536 | 27 | ||||||
| Non-overweight (BMI < 25 kg/m2) | 4,419 | 22 | ||||||
| Sodium | Lim and Yang [45] | 2010 | KNHANES V | Total | 4,475 | ≥ 30 | - | |
| FBG < 100 mg/dL & daily sodium intake ≤ 5,335 mg | ||||||||
| Normal with low sodium intake | 1,949 | 23 | ||||||
| Normal with high sodium intake | 1,142 | 24 | ||||||
| 100 ≤ FBG < 126 mg/dL & daily sodium intake ≤ 5,335 mg | ||||||||
| Pre-diabetes with low sodium intake | 535 | 25 | ||||||
| Pre-diabetes with high sodium intake | 345 | 25 | ||||||
| 126 mg/dL < FBG or received medical treatment for diabetes or diagnosed with diabetes & daily sodium intake ≤ 5,335 mg | ||||||||
| Diabetes with low sodium intake | 341 | 25 | ||||||
| Diabetes with high sodium intake | 163 | 25 | ||||||
| Sodium | Kim et al. [46] | 2010–2012 | Total | 14,694 | ≥ 19 | - | ||
| Daily sodium intake, g | ||||||||
| < 2 | 1,957 | - | ||||||
| 2–4 | 5,149 | - | ||||||
| 4–6 | 3,685 | - | ||||||
| 6–8 | 2,005 | - | ||||||
| ≥ 8 | 1,898 | - | ||||||
| Sodium | Oh et al. [47] | 2015 | Obese (n = 60) and non-obese (n = 60)* | Total | 120 | 19–60 | - | |
| 24-hour sodium excretion, mEq/day | ||||||||
| < 110 | 21 | 26 | ||||||
| 110–180 | 42 | 27 | ||||||
| > 180 | 29 | 30 | ||||||
| Sodium | Oh et al. [48] | 2008–2011 | KNHANES IV and V | Total | 18,146 | ≥ 20 | - | |
| 24-hour sodium excretion, g/day | ||||||||
| 2.7 (2.3–3.1) | 4,536 | 23 | ||||||
| 3.7 (3.4–4.1) | 4,537 | 24 | ||||||
| 4.6 (4.1–5.0) | 4,537 | 24 | ||||||
| 5.9 (5.2–6.5) | 4,536 | 25 | ||||||
| Fat | Lee and Kim [49] | 1999–2000 | Obese adults | Total (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) | 51 | ≥ 18 | 30 | |
| Fat | Park et al. [50] | 1998–2007 | KNHANES I, II, III, and IV | Total | 15,804 | ≥ 20 | 24 | |
| Sugar | Kim et al. [51] | 2011–2012 | Gangneung, Samcheok | Total | 218 | 30–79 | - | |
| Coffee-mix drinkers† | 104 | 26 | ||||||
| Non-drinkers | 114 | 25 | ||||||
| Sugar | Hur et al. [52] | 2008 | Children who participated in KoCAS 4th (baseline) | Total | 770 | 9–10 | 18 | |
KNHANES, The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; BMI, body mass index; FBG, fasting blood glucose; KoCAS, The Korean Child-Adolescent Cohort Study.
*Obese group: BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2; Non-obese group: 18.5 kg/m2 ≤ BMI < 23 kg/m2; †Coffee-mix is a mixture of instant coffee, sugar, and coffee-creamer.