Table 2. Concentration of serum lipids of the subjects in each studies.
| Nutrient | Study | Group classification | Total cholesterol, mg/dL | Triglyceride, mg/dL | HDL-C, mg/dL | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sodium | Rhie et al. [43] | Total | 169.0 ± 24.9 | 70.6 ± 25.0 | - | |
| Sodium | Choi et al. [44] | Total | 182.9 ± 36.6 | 147.3 ± 82.5 | 43.4 ± 10.0 | |
| Sodium | Song et al. [21] | Total | - | - | - | |
| Sodium | Lim and Yang [45] | Total | 191.6 ± 0.7 | 139.6 ± 2.2 | 48.0 ± 0.2 | |
| FBG < 100 mg/dL & daily sodium intake ≤ 5,335 mg | ||||||
| Normal with low sodium intake | 189.6 ± 1.1 | 120.1 ± 2.3 | 49.3 ± 0.3 | |||
| Normal with high sodium intake | 190.5 ± 1.3 | 124.4 ± 3.1 | 48.8 ± 0.4 | |||
| 100 ≤ FBG < 126 mg/dL & daily sodium intake ≤ 5,335 mg | ||||||
| Pre-diabetes with low sodium intake | 199.3 ± 2.0 | 158.9 ± 6.2 | 47.2 ± 0.7 | |||
| Pre-diabetes with high sodium intake | 199.2 ± 3.3 | 205.5 ± 15.7 | 45.4 ± 0.7 | |||
| 126 mg/dL < FBG, received medical treatment for diabetes, or diagnosed with diabetes & daily sodium intake ≤ 5,335 mg | ||||||
| Diabetes with low sodium intake | 186.7 ± 2.5 | 177.6 ± 8.2 | 44.2 ± 0.8 | |||
| Diabetes with high sodium intake | 190.0 ± 3.9 | 191.9 ± 16.3 | 43.5 ± 1.0 | |||
| Sodium | Kim et al. [46] | Total | 189.62 ± 0.30 | 130.09 ± 0.85 | 52.66 ± 0.11 | |
| Daily sodium intake, g | ||||||
| < 2 | 182.95 ± 2.14 (Men) | 149.74 ± 6.93 (Men) | 48.14 ± 0.61 (Men) | |||
| 194.44 ± 1.00 (Women) | 127.07 ± 2.75 (Women) | 53.65 ± 0.33 (Women) | ||||
| 2–4 | 185.18 ± 0.87 (Men) | 142.52 ± 2.46 (Men) | 48.98 ± 0.32 (Men) | |||
| 190.82 ± 0.61 (Women) | 112.63 ± 1.22 (Women) | 54.85 ± 0.22 (Women) | ||||
| 4–6 | 188.95 ± 0.86 (Men) | 154.47 ± 3.05 (Men) | 49.59 ± 0.29 (Men) | |||
| 189.79 ± 0.81(Women) | 112.19 ± 1.65 (Women) | 55.35 ± 0.28 (Women) | ||||
| 6–8 | 186.85 ± 1.13 (Men) | 153.98 ± 4.09 (Men) | 49.59 ± 0.35 (Men) | |||
| 190.85 ± 1.17 (Women) | 111.86 ± 2.34 (Women) | 56.06 ± 0.43 (Women) | ||||
| ≥ 8 | 189.36 ± 1.00 (Men) | 161.79 ± 4.08 (Men) | 49.56 ± 0.33 (Men) | |||
| 190.71 ± 1.33 (Women) | 110.17 ± 2.47 (Women) | 55.68 ± 0.47 (Women) | ||||
| Sodium | Oh et al. [47] | Total | - | 162.5 ± 9.67 (Obese) | 50.7 ± 1.54 (Obese) | |
| 62.6 ± 9.59 (Non-obese) | 44.0 ± 1.52 (Non-obese) | |||||
| 24-hour sodium excretion, mEq/day | ||||||
| < 110 | - | 86.4 ± 30.47 | 42.6 ± 4.22 | |||
| 110–180 | - | 139.9 ± 27.15 | 48.5 ± 3.76 | |||
| > 180 | - | 148.1 ± 28.32 | 52.6 ± 3.92 | |||
| Sodium | Oh et al. [48] | Total | - | - | - | |
| 24-hour sodium excretion, g/day | ||||||
| 2.7 (2.3–3.1) | 188.6 ± 35.8 | 123.6 ± 92.7 | 53.4 ± 13.0 | |||
| 3.7 (3.4–4.1) | 189.0 ± 36.0 | 131.4 ± 112.5 | 52.7 ± 12.8 | |||
| 4.6 (4.1–5.0) | 189.4 ± 36.1 | 136.9 ± 112.8 | 52.5 ± 12.8 | |||
| 5.9 (5.2–6.5) | 191.0 ± 36.8 | 147.5 ± 123.3 | 52.0 ± 12.5 | |||
| Fat | Lee and Kim [49] | Total (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) | - | - | - | |
| Fat | Park et al. [50] | Total | 159.30 ± 1.64 (Men) | 188.73 ± 0.58 (Men) | 45.72 ± 0.42 (Men) | |
| 114.99 ± 0.90 (Women) | 186.57 ± 0.54 (Women) | 51.42 ± 0.52 (Women) | ||||
| Sugar | Kim et al. [51] | Total | 185.1 ± 4.4 (Men) | 116.9 ± 6.5 (Men) | 48.6 ± 1.5 (Men) | |
| 188.3 ± 2.9 (Women) | 105.2 ± 4.1 (Women) | 52.8 ± 1.0 (Women) | ||||
| Coffee-mix drinkers* | 185.8 ± 5.6 (Men) | 118.8 ± 9.5 (Men) | 47.2 ± 2.0 (Men) | |||
| 182.1 ± 4.4 (Women) | 109.1 ± 5.9 (Women) | 50.7 ± 1.5 (Women) | ||||
| Non-drinkers | 183.0 ± 7.0 (Men) | 111.7 ± 11.4 (Men) | 51.1 ± 2.5 (Men) | |||
| 193.1 ± 3.8 (Women) | 102.9 ± 5.1 (Women) | 54.2 ± 1.3 (Women) | ||||
| Sugar | Hur et al. [52] | Total | 169.8 ± 26.4 | 63.0 | 58.8 ± 11.2 | |
Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.
FBG, fasting blood glucose; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; BMI, body mass index.
*Coffee-mix is a mixture of instant coffee, sugar, and coffee-creamer.