Table 6. Relationship of nutrient intake with obesity or dyslipidemia-related factors in each study.
| Study | Result | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rhie et al. [43] | The Pearson’s correlation coefficient between dietary sodium and triglyceride: r = 0.361, p < 0.05 | |||
| The Pearson’s correlation coefficient between dietary sodium and B-lipoprotein: r = 0.413, p < 0.05 | ||||
| Choi et al. [44] | The Pearson’s correlation coefficients between dietary sodium and HDL-C: r = −0.11, p < 0.05 | |||
| Song et al. [21] | Multivariate-adjusted OR (95% CI) of risk of being overweight according to quintile of dietary sodium intake by logistic regression | |||
| Quintile 1: Reference | ||||
| Quintile 2 (Men, Women): 1.35 (1.03–1.78), 1.02 (0.77–1.35) | ||||
| Quintile 3 (Men, Women): 1.22 (0.92–1.61), 1.03 (0.77–1.37) | ||||
| Quintile 4 (Men, Women): 1.37 (1.02–1.82), 1.10 (0.82–1.48) | ||||
| Quintile 5 (Men, Women): 1.67 (1.23–2.27), 1.31 (0.96–1.79) | ||||
| p value for trend (Men, Women): p = 0.0033, p = 0.058 | ||||
| Lim and Yang [45] | Association of waist circumference with dietary sodium intake according to the presence of diabetes by logistic regression analysis | |||
| Model 1 (unadjusted) | Model 2 (adjusted for age and sex) | |||
| - Pre-diabetes with low sodium intake: Reference | - Pre-diabetes with low sodium intake: Reference | |||
| - Pre-diabetes with high sodium intake: 1.479 (1.042–2.099) | - Pre-diabetes with high sodium intake: 1.590 (1.109–2.280) | |||
| Kim et al. [46] | Multivariate-adjusted ORs (95% CI) for obesity according to daily sodium intake by logistic regression analysis | |||
| < 2 g: Reference | ||||
| 2–4 g (Men, Women): 1.27 (0.97–1.67), 1.01 (0.87–1.17) | ||||
| 4–6 g (Men, Women): 1.40 (1.07–1.85), 1.04 (0.87–1.23) | ||||
| 6–8 g (Men, Women): 1.41 (1.05–1.89), 1.02 (0.82–1.26) | ||||
| ≥ 8 g (Men, Women): 1.61 (1.19–2.18), 1.21 (0.96–1.54) | ||||
| p value for trend (Men, Women): p = 0.020, p = 0.494 | ||||
| Oh et al. [47] | Spearman correlation coefficient between 24-hour urine sodium excretion and obesity-related risk indices | Multivariate-adjusted ORs (95% CI) of metabolic syndrome risk factors according to 24-hour sodium excretion levels by logistic regression analysis | ||
| BMI: r = 0.49, p < 0.001 | Abdominal obesity (< 110 mEq/day, 110–180 mEq/day, > 180 mEq/day): reference, 5.30 (0.90–31.16), 44.76 (5.26–378.68) | |||
| Abdominal circumference: r = 0.44, p < 0.001 | High triglyceride (< 110 mEq/day, 110–180 mEq/day, > 180 mEq/day): reference, 39.09 (2.74–556.92), 32.79 (2.43–442.62) | |||
| CT subcutaneous fat: r = 0.38, p < 0.001 | Low HDL-C (< 110 mEq/day, 110–180 mEq/day, > 180 mEq/day): reference, 0.22 (0.05–0.95), 0.18 (0.04–0.79) | |||
| CT visceral fat: r = 0.44, p < 0.001 | High fasting glucose (< 110 mEq/day, 110–180 mEq/day, > 180 mEq/day): reference, 0.45 (0.02–9.40), 4.09 (0.27–61.93) | |||
| High blood pressure (< 110 mEq/day, 110–180 mEq/day, > 180 mEq/day): reference, 0.34 (0.06–2.03), 6.60 (1.29–33.68) | ||||
| Oh et al. [48] | Adjusted associations between 24-hour urine sodium excretion and metabolic syndrome components after adjusting for multiple covariates | Adjusted association between 24-hour urine sodium excretion and body fat after adjusting for multiple factors | ||
| Positive relationship (p < 0.001 for trend): Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, WC | Body fat percentage (p < 0.001 for trend) | |||
| Linear relationship (p < 0.005): TG, glucose | Body fat mass (p < 0.001 for trend) | |||
| Inverse relationship (p < 0.001): HDL | ||||
| Lee and Kim [49] | The association of many types of fat intake with % body fat estimated from a standard multivariate model for energy adjustment for obese adults | |||
| Total fat (g): beta (0.065), p value (0.010) | ||||
| Saturated fat (g): beta (1.148), p value (0.009) | ||||
| Monounsaturated fat (g): beta (−1.498), p value (0.005) | ||||
| Polyunsaturated fat (g): beta (0.680), p value (0.002) | ||||
| Total energy (kcal): beta (−0.001), p value (0.215) | ||||
| Park et al. [50] | Multivariate-adjusted ORs (95% CI) associated with dietary fatty acid on LDL hypercholesterolemia by logistic regression analysis in men | Multivariate-adjusted ORs (95% CI) associated with dietary fatty acid on HDL hypocholesterolemia by logistic regression analysis in men | ||
| TFA (≤ 13.76 g/day): Reference | SFA (≤ 2.84 g/day): Reference | |||
| TFA (> 41.29 g/day): 1.274 (1.028–1.578) | SFA (> 11.36 g/day): 1.299 (1.067–1.581) | |||
| MUFA (≤ 5.66 g/day): Reference | PUFA (≤ 4.01 g/day): Reference | |||
| MUFA (> 19.13 g/day): 1.295 (1.050–1.597) | PUFA (> 10.76 g/day): 1.221 (1.006–1.483) | |||
| PUFA (≤ 4.01 g/day): Reference | LNA (≤ 0.37 g/day): Reference | |||
| PUFA (> 10.76 g/day): 1.282 (1.042–1.578) | LNA (> 1.50 g/day): 1.281 (1.067–1.537) | |||
| LNA (≤ 0.37 g/day): Reference | n-3 fatty acid (≤ 0.64 g/day): Reference | |||
| LNA (> 1.52 g/day): 1.253(1.031–1.523) | n-3 fatty acid (> 2.42 g/day): 1.288 (1.074–1.545) | |||
| EPA (≤ 0.02 g/day): Reference | n-6 fatty acid (≤ 3.13 g/day): Reference | |||
| EPA (> 0.28 g/day): 1.211 (1.003–1.462) | n-6 fatty acid (> 8.63 g/day): 1.217 (1.002–1.480) | |||
| n-3 fatty acid (≤ 0.65 g/day): Reference | ||||
| n-3 fatty acid (> 2.48 g/day): 1.248 (1.025–1.519) | ||||
| Kim et al. [51] | Correlation coefficient between daily coffee-mix intake and HDL-C: r = −0.13152, p = 0.0661 | |||
| Correlation coefficient between coffee-mix’s contribution to energy intake (% kcal) and HDL-C: r = −0.14627, p = 0.0408 | ||||
| Hur et al. [52] | Multiple linear regression of total energy, total sugar, and sub-group sugar at baseline (9–10 years) on CVD risk factors | |||
| Association between beverage sugar and continuous value of the metabolic syndrome scores (beta: 0.04, p < 0.05) | ||||
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; CT, computed tomography; WC, waist circumference; TG, triglycerides; TFA, total fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; LNA, linolenic acid; EPA, eicosanoic acid; CVD, cardiovascular disease.