Table 2.

Metabolites that changed significantly (p < 0.05) in response to ATA supplementation in the ATBC Study, ranked by statistical significance (smallest to largest p value).

Metabolite	Chemical class	Number > LOD∗ at baseline	Number > LOD∗ at follow-up	Effect size (β)†	p value
Alpha-CEHC sulfate	Cofactors and vitamins	39	151	1.512	1.45 × 10−38
Alpha-CEHC glucuronide	Cofactors and vitamins	4	87	1.412	1.02 × 10−31
Alpha-tocopherol	Cofactors and vitamins	200	200	0.974	2.22 × 10−13
Gamma-tocopherol	Cofactors and vitamins	196	188	−0.902	1.76 × 10−11
Beta-tocopherol	Cofactors and vitamins	199	186	−0.731	9.40 × 10−8
Fructose	Carbohydrate	200	200	0.401	0.0043
Glutarylcarnitine (C5)	Amino acid	200	200	−0.400	0.0044
Beta-alanine	Amino acid	200	200	−0.386	0.0061
Ornithine	Amino acid	200	200	−0.363	0.0100
N6-acetyllysine	Amino acid	200	200	−0.357	0.0112
Gamma-glutamylisoleucine	Peptide	200	200	−0.332	0.0185
2-Ethylhexanoate	Xenobiotics	200	200	0.316	0.0253
Bilirubin (E,Z or Z,E)∗	Cofactors and vitamins	184	190	0.312	0.0268
Seryl-leucine	Peptide	179	184	−0.306	0.0300
Gamma-CEHC glucuronide	Cofactors and vitamins	90	127	0.303	0.0319
Bradykinin, des-arg(9)	Peptide	192	194	0.303	0.0320
Arabinose	Carbohydrate	117	165	−0.302	0.0325
3-Hydroxydecanoate	Lipid	200	200	0.301	0.0327
Linolenate [alpha or gamma; (18:3n3 or 6)]	Lipid	200	200	0.301	0.0328
Phenylalanylarginine	Peptide	133	158	0.297	0.0352
3-Hydroxypropanoate	Lipid	200	200	−0.297	0.0355
Inositol 1-phosphate (I1P)	Lipid	200	200	0.293	0.0377
5 alpha-androstan-3 alpha,17 beta-diol disulfate	Lipid	183	171	0.287	0.0425
Creatinine	Amino acid	200	200	−0.277	0.0496

^∗LOD = limit of detection.

^†Effect size denotes the change in metabolite level (expressed in number of standard deviations on the log scale) for the ATA arm versus the no ATA arm. The effect size and p value were estimated by linear regression.