Table 1.

Maternal characteristics

	A	B	A–B	C	A–C
Variable	Bup/Nalox (n=62)	No opioids (n=618)	p Value	Illicit opioids (n=159)	p Value
Age (years)	25.9±4.4	25.2±6.3	0.21	25.5±4.6	0.63
Gravida	4.1±2.4	3.3±2.3	0.009	3.9±2.1	0.54
Parity	2.4±1.8	1.8±2.0	0.03	2.2±1.7	0.50
Comorbidities
Type II diabetes	5 (8.1%)	26 (4.2%)	0.19†	3 (1.9%)	0.04†
Gestational diabetes	7 (11.3%)	63 (10.2%)	0.79*	14 (8.8%)	0.57*
Hypertension	6 (9.7%)	39 (6.3%)	0.29†	11 (6.9%)	0.58†
HIV	0	0		0
Hepatitis B	0	0		1 (0.6%)	>0.99†
Hepatitis C	3 (4.8%)	2 (0.3%)	0.006†	12 (7.5%)	0.566
Prenatal smoking and alcohol exposure
Smoking, cig/day
None	7 (11.3%)	327 (52.9%)	<0.001*	20 (12.6%)	0.79*
1–5	33 (53.2%)	208 (33.7%)	0.002*	61 (38.4%)	0.045*
6–10	15 (24.2%)	51 (8.3%)	<0.001*	34 (21.4%)	0.65*
>10	7 (11.3%)	32 (5.2%)	0.08†	44 (27.7%)	0.009†
Alcohol	11 (17.7%)	134 (21.7%)	0.47*	41 (25.8%)	0.21*

Data are n (%) or mean±SD unless otherwise specified.

*χ² test was used.

†When assumptions for the χ² test were not met, the Fisher's Exact test was used.