Table 3.
Differential item functioning and differential test functioning for the resilience scale
| Subscales | Items in questionnaire | Gender (focal = boys) n = 6123 |
School level (focal = secondary) n = 6123 |
SEN (focal = yes) n = 6071 |
EAL (focal = yes) n = 6047 |
FSM (focal = yes) n = 6071 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DIF | DTF | DIF | DTF | DIF | DTF | DIF | DTF | DIF | DTF | ||
| L-A LOR (SE) | v2 (SE) | L-A LOR (SE) | v2 (SE) | L-A LOR (SE) | v2 (SE) | L-A LOR (SE) | v2 (SE) | L-A LOR (SE) | v2 (SE) | ||
| Family connection | At home, there is an adult who… | ||||||||||
| Is interested in my school work | 0.24 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.03) | −0.15 (0.07) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.15 (0.09) | 0.09 (0.07) | −0.04 (0.09) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.29 (0.08) | 0.03 (0.03) | |
| Believes that I will be a success | −0.10 (0.07) | 0.15 (0.08) | 0.27 (0.10) | 0.25 (0.09) | -0.14 (0.10) | ||||||
| Wants me to do my best | 0.17 (0.11) | 0.34 (0.13) | 0.25 (0.14) | −0.19 (0.14) | 0.14 (0.13) | ||||||
| Listens to me when I have something to say | −0.22 (0.07) | −0.08 (0.07) | −0.48 (0.09) | −0.08 (0.09) | −0.24 (0.08) | ||||||
| School connection | At school, there is an adult who… | ||||||||||
| Really cares about me | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.000 (0.003) | 0.37 (0.07) | 0.05 (0.04) | −0.38 (0.09) | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.08 (0.08) | 0.01 (0.01) | −0.16 (0.08) | 0.01 (0.01) | |
| Tells me when I do a good job | 0.03 (0.06) | −0.02 (0.07) | 0.28 (0.09) | −0.21 (0.08) | 0.09 (0.08) | ||||||
| Listens to me when I have something to say | −0.11 (0.06) | −0.18 (0.08) | 0.03 (0.09) | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.18 (0.08) | ||||||
| Believes that I will be a success | 0.04 (0.06) | −0.23 (0.08) | 0.12 (0.09) | 0.08 (0.08) | −0.09 (0.08) | ||||||
| Community connection | Away from school, there is an adult who… | ||||||||||
| Really cares about me | 0.39 (0.08) | 0.05 (0.04) | −0.15 (0.09) | −0.001 (0.01) | −0.05 (0.11) | −0.01 (0.004) | 0.19 (0.11) | 0.01 (0.02) | −0.05 (0.10) | −0.01 (0.003) | |
| Tells me when I do a good job | −0.10 (0.08) | 0.00 (0.09) | −0.08 (0.10) | −0.21 (0.10) | −0.01 (0.10) | ||||||
| Believes that I will be a success | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.05 (0.09) | 0.11 (0.11) | 0.11 (0.10) | −0.07 (0.10) | ||||||
| I trust | −0.23 (0.08) | 0.07 (0.09) | 0.02 (0.10) | −0.05 (0.10) | 0.10 (0.10) | ||||||
| Participation in home and school life | I do things at home that make a difference (i.e. make things better) | −0.07 (0.06) | 0.001 (0.003) | −0.05 (0.06) | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.13 (0.08) | 0.001 (0.01) | −0.11 (0.07) | 0.02 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.07) | 0.01 (0.01) |
| I help my family make decisions | −0.03 (0.06) | −0.22 (0.06) | −0.10 (0.08) | 0.27 (0.07) | −0.14 (0.07) | ||||||
| At school, I decide things like class activities or rules | −0.01 (0.05) | −0.22 (0.06) | 0.01 (0.07) | −0.06 (0.07) | −0.02 (0.07) | ||||||
| I do things at my school that make a difference (i.e. make things better) | 0.10 (0.06) | 0.56 (0.06) | −0.04 (0.08) | −0.12 (0.07) | 0.19 (0.07) | ||||||
| Self-esteem | I can work out my problems | −0.10 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.02) | −0.35 (0.07) | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.17 (0.08) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.21 (0.08) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.18 (0.08) | 0.01 (0.02) |
| I can do most things if I try | 0.26 (0.07) | 0.23 (0.07) | −0.15 (0.09) | −0.11 (0.09) | −0.09 (0.08) | ||||||
| There are many things that I do well | −0.11 (0.06) | 0.21 (0.07) | −0.07 (0.08) | −0.16 (0.08) | −0.13 (0.08) | ||||||
| Problem solving | When I need help, I find someone to talk to | 0.36 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.05) | 0.08 (0.07) | 0.004 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.08) | −0.01 (0.001) | −0.21 (0.08) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.01 (0.08) | 0.003 (0.01) |
| I know where to go for help when I have a problem | −0.20 (0.06) | 0.06 (0.07) | −0.01 (0.09) | 0.11 (0.09) | −0.13 (0.08) | ||||||
| I try to work out problems by talking about them | −0.15 (0.06) | −0.13 (0.07) | −0.03 (0.09) | 0.10 (0.08) | 0.11 (0.08) | ||||||
| Peer support | Are there students at your school who would… | ||||||||||
| Choose you on their team at school | −0.40 (0.06) | 0.12 (0.05) | 0.19 (0.06) | 0.13 (0.06) | 0.26 (0.08) | 0.04 (0.02) | −0.10 (0.07) | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.10 (0.07) | 0.004 (0.004) | |
| Explain the rules of a game if you didn’t understand them | −0.26 (0.06) | 0.53 (0.07) | −0.10 (0.08) | −0.40 (0.08) | −0.10 (0.08) | ||||||
| Invite you to their home | −0.17 (0.06) | −0.32 (0.06) | 0.25 (0.08) | 0.75 (0.08) | 0.20 (0.07) | ||||||
| Share things with you | 0.01 (0.06) | −0.28 (0.07) | 0.05 (0.08) | −0.13 (0.08) | 0.07 (0.08) | ||||||
| Help you if you hurt yourself | −0.03 (0.07) | 0.76 (0.08) | −0.27 (0.09) | −0.27 (0.09) | 0.01 (0.08) | ||||||
| Miss you if you weren’t at school | 0.76 (0.06) | −0.23 (0.06) | −0.16 (0.08) | −0.01 (0.08) | 0.03 (0.07) | ||||||
| Make you feel better if something is bothering you | 0.28 (0.06) | 0.24 (0.07) | −0.29 (0.08) | 0.08 (0.08) | -0.13 (0.08) | ||||||
| Pick you for a partner | −0.45 (0.07) | −0.14 (0.07) | 0.33 (0.08) | 0.04 (0.09) | 0.02 (0.08) | ||||||
| Help you if other students are being mean to you | −0.03 (0.06) | 0.16 (0.07) | −0.17 (0.08) | −0.12 (0.08) | −0.14 (0.08) | ||||||
| Tell you you’re their friend | −0.07 (0.07) | 0.16 (0.08) | −0.07 (0.09) | 0.03 (0.09) | −0.08 (0.09) | ||||||
| Ask you to join in when you are all alone | −0.34 (0.07) | −0.02 (0.07) | −0.28 (0.09) | −0.29 (0.09) | −0.08 (0.08) | ||||||
| Tell you secrets | 0.45 (0.06) | −0.62 (0.06) | 0.20 (0.08) | 0.08 (0.08) | −0.02 (0.07) | ||||||
EAL English as an additional language, FSM free school meals, SEN special educational needs. DIF and DTF analyses for subscales with less than 3 items (participation in community life, empathy, and goals and aspirations) are not conducted. The size of the DIF is considered negligible if L-A-LOR < 0.43, moderate if between 0.43 and 0.64, and large if >0.64. The size of the DTF ν2 < 0.07 indicates small DTF, 0.07 ≤ ν2 ≤ 0.14 indicates medium DTF, and ν2 > 0.14 indicates large DTF