Table 3.
Logistic regression results on socio-demographic predictors of overweight/obesity among women in Ghana, GHDS: 2003–2014
| Parous | Nulliparous | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Model I OR [95 % CI] | Model II OR [95 % CI] | Model I OR [95 % CI] | Model II OR [95 % CI] |
| Number of children | ||||
| 1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | na | na |
| 2 | 1.732** | 1.369** | na | na |
| [1.473,2.036] | [1.123,1.670] | na | na | |
| 3 | 1.548** | 1.114 | na | na |
| [1.310,1.831] | [0.896,1.385] | na | na | |
| 4 | 1.624** | 1.179 | na | na |
| [1.366,1.931] | [0.934,1.487] | na | na | |
| 5 | 1.339** | 1.100 | na | na |
| [1.111,1.615] | [0.857,1.412] | na | na | |
| 6 | 1.192 | 1.309 | na | na |
| [0.973,1.462] | [0.997,1.720] | na | na | |
| 7+ | 0.975 | 1.348 | na | na |
| [0.809,1.174] | [1.034,1.758] | na | na | |
| Age group (years) | ||||
| 15–24 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 25–34 | 3.072** | 2.404** | 4.138** | 2.031** |
| [2.561,3.685] | [1.928,2.997] | [3.319,5.159] | [1.562,2.641] | |
| 35–44 | 4.300** | 3.528** | 8.623** | 3.584** |
| [3.587,5.156] | [2.760,4.510] | [5.616,13.24] | [2.152,5.967] | |
| 45+ | 3.799** | 3.314** | 5.905** | 3.205* |
| [3.089,4.673] | [2.506,4.381] | [1.898,18.37] | [1.005,10.22] | |
| Educational level | ||||
| No education | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Primary | 2.415** | 1.517** | 0.858 | 0.885 |
| [2.070,2.817] | [1.257,1.831] | [0.558,1.318] | [0.561,1.397] | |
| Middle/JSS/JHS | 2.881** | 1.296** | 1.279 | 0.932 |
| [2.540,3.268] | [1.095,1.534] | [0.893,1.831] | [0.629,1.381] | |
| Secondary/higher | 3.461** | 1.467** | 2.848** | 1.171 |
| [2.973,4.029] | [1.201,1.793] | [1.946,4.167] | [0.764,1.796] | |
| Marital status | ||||
| Never married | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Married | 1.658** | 1.496** | 3.835** | 1.789** |
| [1.314,2.091] | [1.115,2.008] | [2.801,5.252] | [1.208,2.649] | |
| Cohabiting | 1.289 | 1.127 | 2.120** | 1.510 |
| [0.990,1.679] | [0.825,1.539] | [1.459,3.080] | [0.996,2.289] | |
| Previously married | 2.058** | 1.428* | 3.883** | 2.161* |
| [1.591,2.663] | [1.040,1.961] | [2.298,6.559] | [1.190,3.925] | |
| Wealth quintile | ||||
| Poorest | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Poorer | 1.949** | 1.503** | 1.245 | 1.126 |
| [1.611,2.358] | [1.220,1.852] | [0.735,2.107] | [0.651,1.947] | |
| Middle | 3.533** | 2.220** | 2.516** | 2.238** |
| [2.952,4.227] | [1.786,2.759] | [1.588,3.986] | [1.341,3.733] | |
| Richer | 7.472** | 4.132** | 5.588** | 4.480** |
| [6.253,8.927] | [3.241,5.268] | [3.663,8.526] | [2.678,7.493] | |
| Richest | 15.49** | 7.648** | 7.792** | 5.825** |
| [12.86,18.65] | [5.836,10.02] | [5.162,11.76] | [3.438,9.869] | |
| Occupation | ||||
| Not working | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Prof/managerial | 2.197** | 1.315* | 3.568** | 1.800** |
| [1.760,2.743] | [1.023,1.689] | [2.799,4.548] | [1.361,2.381] | |
| Sales/Trade | 2.184** | 1.435** | 2.801** | 1.553** |
| [1.835,2.599] | [1.178,1.749] | [2.216,3.542] | [1.185,2.035] | |
| Agriculture | 0.426** | 0.702** | 0.567* | 0.953 |
| [0.354,0.514] | [0.561,0.879] | [0.357,0.903] | [0.581,1.562] | |
| Manual labour | 1.261* | 1.086 | 2.090** | 1.360 |
| [1.022,1.556] | [0.857,1.377] | [1.557,2.806] | [0.988,1.872] | |
| Type of locality | ||||
| Urban | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Rural | 0.285** | 0.958 | 0.402** | 1.158* |
| [0.257,0.316] | [0.825,1.113] | [0.330,0.489] | [0.892,1.504] | |
| Ethnicity | ||||
| Akan | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| Ga/Adangbe | 1.305** | 1.195 | 1.591** | 1.582** |
| [1.081,1.576] | [0.957,1.493] | [1.191,2.127] | [1.151,2.173] | |
| Ewe | 0.831* | 1.034 | 0.935 | 1.059 |
| [0.716,0.963] | [0.873,1.225] | [0.708,1.233] | [0.787,1.424] | |
| Mole-Dagbani | 0.357** | 0.663** | 0.584** | 1.000 |
| [0.307,0.416] | [0.546,0.804] | [0.438,0.779] | [0.726,1.377] | |
| Gurma | 0.177** | 0.495** | 0.485* | 0.947 |
| [0.124,0.251] | [0.345,0.709] | [0.266,0.884] | [0.479,1.871] | |
| Others | 0.694** | 1.041 | 0.994 | 1.394* |
| [0.590,0.817] | [0.860,1.260] | [0.752,1.313] | [1.025,1.897] | |
| Survey year | ||||
| 2003 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 |
| 2008 | 1.309** | 1.389** | 1.261* | 1.404** |
| [1.164,1.471] | [1.197,1.613] | [1.023,1.554] | [1.113,1.772] | |
| 2014 | 2.134** | 2.386** | 1.719** | 1.888** |
| [1.891,2.407] | [2.051,2.775] | [1.380,2.142] | [1.479,2.410] | |
| N | 9028 | 9028 | 4454 | 4454 |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.1994 | 0.1468 | ||
| Wald X 2 (df) | 1401.38 (31) | 403.06 (25) | ||
| Prob. > X 2 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | ||
| Hosmer-Lemeshow X 2 (df) | 5.50 (8) | 12.66 (8) | ||
| Prob. > X 2 | 0.7032 | 0.1242 | ||
OR Odds Ratios; 95 % confidence intervals in brackets, *p < .05, **p < .01; na = not applicable
Model I = Bivariate logistic regression analysis
Model II = Multivariate logistic regression analysis (age, educational level, marital status, wealth quintile, occupation, type of locality, ethnicity, number of children (only parous women), and survey year)