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. 2016 Nov 3;14:74. doi: 10.1186/s12951-016-0226-5

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© The Author(s) 2016

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — The penetration of nanoneedle through cellular membrane. a Scanning ion microscopy (SIM) image of an AFM cantilever type nanoneedle which was obtained immediately after the fabrication by FIB. The nanoneedle was approached to adhering cell to penetrate plasma membrane. b Side views reconstructed from confocal fluorescence images of CLSM are showing the successful penetration. c Side views reconstructed from confocal fluorescence images of CLSM are showing the failed case