Table 2.
Association between patient characteristics, health service use, and vasectomy status on risk of incident prostate cancer
| Variables | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted* | |
| No vasectomy | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Vasectomy | 1.13 (1.05 to 1.20) | 1.02 (0.95 to 1.09) |
| Patient characteristics | ||
| Age at index date | 1.19 (1.18 to 1.19) | — |
| Comorbidity score: | ||
| 0-4 | 1.0 (reference) | — |
| 5-9 | 1.51 (1.41 to 1.62) | — |
| 10-14 | 2.36 (1.99 to 2.80) | — |
| 15-19 | 0.001 (0.001 to 0.002) | — |
| Rural status: | ||
| Not rural | 1.0 (reference) | — |
| Rural | 0.75 (0.68 to 0.83) | — |
| Income fifth: | ||
| 1 (lowest) | 0.53 (0.47 to 0.59) | 0.52 (0.47 to 0.59) |
| 2 | 0.55 (0.50 to 0.61) | 0.55 (0.49 to 0.61) |
| 3 | 0.62 (0.56 to 0.68) | 0.62 (0.56 to 0.68) |
| 4 | 0.69 (0.64 to 0.76) | 0.70 (0.64 to 0.77) |
| 5 (highest) | 1.0 (reference) | 1.0 (reference) |
| Health service used in year before index date | ||
| Visits to general practitioners | 1.02 (1.02 to 1.03) | — |
| Visits to specialists | 1.02 (1.02 to 1.02) | 1.02 (1.01 to 1.02) |
| Visits to urologists | 1.23 (1.19 to 1.28) | 1.20 (1.15 to 1.24) |
| Admissions to hospitals | 0.89 (0.73 to 1.09) | — |
| Visits to emergency departments | 0.92 (0.84 to 0.99) | 0.91 (0.84 to 0.99) |
| Colonoscopies | 2.29 (1.92 to 2.72) | — |
| Faecal occult blood tests | 2.10 (1.78 to 2.47) | — |
| Sexually transmitted infection tests | 1.00 (0.81 to 1.22) | — |
| Cholesterol tests | 1.48 (1.43 to 1.53) | — |
| Health service used between index date and end of follow-up | ||
| Visits to general practitioners | 1.04 (1.04 to 1.05) | 1.05 (1.04 to 1.05) |
| Visits to specialists | 1.04 (1.03 to 1.04) | — |
| Visits to urologists | 1.31 (1.25 to 1.37) | — |
| Admissions to hospitals | 1.14 (1.10 to 1.18) | — |
| Visits to emergency departments | 0.63 (0.55 to 0.73) | — |
| Colonoscopies | 21.6 (11.3 to 41.0) | — |
| Faecal occult blood tests | 18.9 (14.2 to 25.1) | — |
| Sexually transmitted infection tests | 1.18 (0.78 to 1.77) | — |
| Cholesterol tests | 2.07 (1.84 to 2.32) | — |
*Multivariable model included variables found to be meaningfully different between groups (standardised difference >0.10).