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. 2016 Nov 2;95(5):1004–1010. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.16-0150

Table 2.

Mean differences and standard deviation of in cognitive scores based on ECD before 24 months and malnutrition (HAZ and WAZ) at 2 years of age

TONI scores mean (±sd) P value Verbal scores mean (±sd) P value Coding scores mean (±sd) P values
ECD N = 111 N = 131 N = 97
 High 82.5 (9.0) 5.0 (3.0) 5.3 (3.3)
 Low 86.9 (8.7) 0.010 6.2 (3.3) 0.038 6.8 (3.7) 0.027
HAZ N = 105 N = 119 N = 89
 ≤ −1.00 82.2 (7.2) 5.0 (3.2) 4.4 (3.5)
 > −1.00 85.9 (10.1) 0.043 5.9 (3.2) 0.108 6.6 (3.3) 0.004
WAZ N = 106 N = 120 N = 90
 ≤ −1.00 81.8 (7.6) 4.5 (3.2) 4.5 (3.4)
 > −1.00 86.3 (9.8) 0.015 6.2 (3.0) 0.005 6.6 (3.4) 0.005

ECD = early childhood diarrhea; HAZ = height-for-age z score; TONI = Test of Nonverbal Intelligence; WAZ = weight-for-age z score.