Figure 3.

Simulations of cardiac AP modulation with light. (A) Human atrial cells with short QT syndrome (SQTS) are characterized by shortened AP. A ChR2-expressing cell can be treated with a controlled light pulse, so that its AP (blue) closely matches the AP of wild-type atrial cells (black). (B) Tissue-scale simulations showed AP prolongation only near the endocardium when a light pulse with similar temporal and irradiance characteristics was applied uniformly in the endocardium of the ChR2-expressing left atrium. Reproduced from Karathanos et al.⁸⁶ with permission from the European Society of Cardiology.