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Simulations of defibrillation using optogenetics. (A) Ventricular fibrillation in the absence of illumination. (B) Failed defibrillation attempt with a blue light stimulus (t = 0–500 ms) after ChR2 delivery. (C) Successful defibrillation with a red light stimulus (t = 0–500 ms) after simulated delivery of a ChR2 variant with high photocurrent and red light sensitivity. Reproduced with permission from Karathanos et al.99
