Fig. 1.

Sequence (A) and its systematic transformations and corresponding translations (B–F). B) A ↔ C systematic nucleotide exchange of sequence in A; C) assuming systematic codon expansion by silent mononucleotides; D) assuming systematic mononucleotide deletion after each trinucleotide (translation identical to that in C); E) assuming systematic codon expansion by silent dinucleotides; F) assuming systematic dinucleotide deletion after each trinucleotide (translation identical to that in E). RNAs and peptides corresponding to these alternative transcriptions and translations have been previously described for human mitochondria [22], [23]. For swinger transformations, A ↔ C is only one among 23 possibilities, nine symmetric of type X ↔ Y, and 14 asymmetric, of type X → Y → Z → X. Systematic deletions of mono- and dinucleotides after each trinucleotide are annotated as delRNA_3–1 and delRNA_3–2. Systematic deletions can start at the 5′ extremity of a sequence, which is indicated by delRNA_3–1.0 and delRNA_3–2.0, deletion frames can be shifted by 0–2 and 0–3 nucleotides for delRNA_3–1 and delRNA_3–2, respectively, which can be indicated by corresponding indices.