Table 1.

Summary of current fermentation-based approaches to bioengineering of ncRNAs.

Approaches for the production of ncRNAs	Product size (nt)	Applications	References
The siRNA-binding protein p19	∼21	Production of fully processed siRNAs at small or median scale for functional study	22
The rRNA as scaffold	< 100	Production of small RNAs including siRNAs, shRNAs and aptamers at medium or large scale for various utilities	30,31
The tRNA as scaffold	< 400	Production of a variety of ncRNAs at large scale for various studies	32,33,35-38,43
Optimal ncRNA (tRNA/pre-miRNA) as scaffold	100–400	Production of various ncRNAs at high yield and large scale for in vitro and in vivo studies	40,44,45