Table 3.
Univariable Cox proportional hazards model for cardiovascular disease
| Variable | Hazard ratio (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|
| Female sex | 1.46 (1.08-1.96) | 0.013 |
| Age (per 10 years) | 1.80 (1.55-2.10) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes duration, yr | < 0.001 | |
| < 5 | 1.00 | |
| 5 to < 10 | 1.25 (0.83-1.88) | 0.280 |
| ≥ 10 | 2.65 (1.91-3.68) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension (yes vs. no) | 1.91 (1.44-2.53) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking (yes vs. no) | 1.05 (0.76-145) | 0.788 |
| Insulin use (yes vs. no) | 2.23 (1.68-2.95) | < 0.001 |
| ACEi/ARBs (yes vs. no) | 1.44 (1.08-1.92) | 0.012 |
| Statin (yes vs. no) | 1.17 (0.77-1.76) | 0.464 |
| Acetylsalicylic acid (yes vs. no) | 2.54 (1.68-3.83) | < 0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose, per 10 mg/dL | 1.02 (0.99-1.04) | 0.115 |
| Lp(a) corrected LDL-C, per mg/dL | 1.01 (1.00-1.01) | 0.009 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 0.98 (0.97-0.99) | < 0.001 |
| Mean HbA1c (per 1% increment) | 1.24 (1.12-1.36) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetic nephropathy (yes vs. no) | 1.49 (1.09-2.03) | 0.013 |
| Lp(a) | ||
| 1st Quartile | 1.00 | |
| 2nd Quartile | 0.97 (0.61-1.56) | 0.910 |
| 3rd Quartile | 1.75 (1.15-2.65) | 0.009 |
| 4th Quartile | 2.37 (1.59-3.55) | < 0.001 |
CI, confidence interval; ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; Lp(a), lipoprotein(a); LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin.