Figure 1. Synergistic cytotoxicity and different forms of cell death when combining FF and 2-DG at clinically achievable concentrations in tumor cell lines.

(A) Human breast carcinoma (SKBR 3), melanoma (NM2C5) and osteosarcoma (143B) cells were treated with FF (40 μM) and 2-DG (2 mM) either alone or in combination for 48 h followed by cell death analysis (**p < 0.01 values were determined compared to controls); (B) NM2C5 cells were treated for 24 h cells at 40 μM FF, 2 mM 2-DG or a combination of both. Morphological analysis of dead cells in the form of necrosis (i.e. faintly stained nuclear “ghosts,” indistinct vacuolated cytoplasm which appear light due to ruptured plasma membranes) and apoptosis, (i.e. cells in early stage of apoptosis show aggregated chromatin abutting the nuclear membrane, and condensed, basophilic cytoplasm) the latter indicated by arrows, was performed using DAPI and fluorescent microscopy